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　　On March 22nd, the Supreme People’s Court held a press conference to release the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Patent Infringement Disputes (II) (hereinafter referred to as Interpretation II). The judicial interpretation will be implemented on April 1, 2016. In order to better understand and apply Interpretation II, the person in charge of the Third People’s Court of the Supreme People’s Court accepted an interview with our reporter.

　　Q: Interpretation II will be officially implemented on April 1st. Could you tell us about the background of drafting this judicial interpretation?

　　A: In December 2009, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Patent Infringement Disputes. This judicial interpretation has played an important role in protecting the interests of patentees according to law and encouraging scientific and technological innovation. Over the past five years, patent infringement cases have increased steadily, and the legal issues involved have deeply touched the basic system and concept of patents. The technical facts involved have become more cutting-edge and complex, and the market value and interests are even greater. Higher people’s courts in Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and other places respectively issued guidance on the trial of patent infringement disputes. In particular, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Decision on Several Major Issues of Deepening Reform in an All-round Way clearly proposes to strengthen the application and protection of intellectual property rights, improve the incentive mechanism for technological innovation, and build a national innovation system. The National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) has decided to set up intellectual property courts in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, focusing on cases with strong expertise such as patents. In order to ensure the correct implementation of the patent law, unify and refine the standards of patent infringement judgment, and respond to the new expectations of scientific and technological innovation for patent trial in time, it is necessary to draft the judicial interpretation of patent infringement judgment again.

　　As early as the end of 2011, the Third People’s Court of the Supreme People’s Court began a special investigation on the criteria for judging patent infringement. At the beginning of 2014, it was included in the the Supreme People’s Court Judicial Interpretation Project. On the basis of soliciting opinions from the public and listening to feedback from relevant departments of the central government, experts and scholars, courts, lawyers, patent agents, enterprises and trade associations, the draft articles were revised for 16 times to form a manuscript, which was discussed by the the Supreme People’s Court Judicial Committee and finally passed the judicial interpretation.

　　Interpretation II consists of 31 articles, mainly from typical cases published in the Supreme People’s Court Gazette and the summary of patent trial experience in recent years. The main issues involved are: the interpretation of claims, indirect infringement, the defense of standard implementation, the defense of legal sources, the cessation of infringement, the calculation of compensation, and the influence of patent invalidation on infringement litigation. In the overall framework, it is basically arranged according to the scope of patent protection, tort behavior, non-infringement defense, tort liability and procedural matters.

　　Q: The trial of patent cases is closely related to scientific and technological innovation. What impact will the introduction of Interpretation II have on mass entrepreneurship and innovation?

　　A: At present, a new round of global scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is poised for development, China’s economic development mode is accelerating, the trend of innovation leading development is more obvious, and the basic guarantee function of intellectual property system to stimulate innovation is more prominent. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put forward five development concepts of "innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing", and the first one was "innovation". It also emphasizes that innovation is the first driving force to lead development, and it must be placed at the core of the overall development of the country, so that innovation can run through all the work of the party and the country and become a common practice in the whole society. It can be said that innovation means development, and innovation means the future. This year is the first year of the 13th Five-Year Plan and the decisive stage of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Facing the new situation and new requirements, it is of great significance to give full play to the key role of the patent system in stimulating innovation, promoting scientific and technological progress and economic and social development, focusing on building a fair and transparent legal environment, stimulating innovation power, creating potential and entrepreneurial vitality, and accelerating the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy.

　　The drafting of Interpretation II is closely related to the legislative purpose of the Patent Law to encourage invention and creation, promote scientific and technological progress and economic and social development, and based on the practice of patent trial, the following guiding ideology has always been implemented: First, adhere to the problem orientation, strengthen the protection of patent rights, solve outstanding problems such as "long cycle, difficult proof and low compensation" as far as possible, ensure the realization of the interests of patentees, and fundamentally stimulate innovation; Second, adhere to the principle of compromise interpretation, strengthen the publicity and demarcation of claims, enhance the certainty of patent protection scope, provide clear legal expectations for the public, and promote the improvement of patent document writing level; Third, adhere to the principle of balance of interests and clarify the legal boundary between patent rights and other civil rights, which not only protects the legitimate rights and interests of obligees and encourages invention and creation, but also avoids the improper expansion of patent rights, and prevents the space for re-innovation from being compressed and damaging the public interests and the legitimate rights and interests of others.

　　The promulgation of Interpretation II is an important measure for the Supreme People’s Court to actively create a legal environment conducive to innovation, which enriches and perfects China’s patent legal system, will further curb the infringement of patent rights, further strengthen the guiding role of judicial decisions in scientific and technological innovation, further effectively encourage independent innovation and technological leapfrogging, and provide a strong legal guarantee for mass entrepreneurship and innovation.

　　Q: What are the targeted provisions in Interpretation II for the problem of "difficult proof and low compensation" in patent protection in China at present?

　　A: Difficulties in proof and low compensation are two closely related issues. The main reason for the low amount of compensation in infringement cases is the lack of evidence about losses or profits, that is, the difficulty of proof. Because of the concealment of patent infringement, a lot of evidence of infringement is held by the infringer, but it is difficult for the right holder to obtain it. That is to say, there is a big difference between the right holder and the infringer in the difficulty of proving evidence of infringement. Therefore, the fundamental solution to the problem of "difficult proof and low compensation" is not to provide evidence for the obligee or blindly increase the amount of legal compensation, but to formulate a set of proof rules that conform to the characteristics of intellectual property litigation. Article 27 of Interpretation 2 has improved the rules of proof about the amount of compensation in patent infringement litigation to a certain extent. On the basis of referring to the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 63 of the Trademark Law, according to the patentee’s preliminary proof and the infringer’s grasp of relevant evidence, the burden of proof about the infringer’s profit is assigned to the infringer, and this is connected with the order of compensation calculation stipulated in Article 65 of the Patent Law. It should be pointed out that the application of this rule is based on the premise that the obligee initially provides evidence to prove the defendant’s profit, and the account books and materials related to patent infringement are mainly held by the infringer. If the above two conditions are not achieved, it is impossible to infer the evidence obstruction, which leads to "it is difficult to determine the infringement profit". According to Article 65 of the Patent Law, it is further necessary to determine whether the compensation amount can be determined by referring to the patent license fee.

　　Q: Is the "long period" in patent protection a common problem of "cross between people and banks"? How was Interpretation II solved?

　　A: As you said, the trial period of patent infringement dispute cases is long, which is mainly caused by the litigation framework of "binary separation between the people’s bank and the people’s bank" stipulated in the current law. When the obligee sues the defendant for infringement of his patent right, the defendant often files a separate request for invalidation of the patent right with the Patent Reexamination Board, and the court hearing the patent infringement dispute case has no right to examine the validity of the patent right, and usually suspends the civil litigation and waits for the result of the administrative litigation of patent authorization and confirmation. However, the procedure of patent authorization and confirmation is too cumbersome, and the situation of circular litigation and idle procedures is more prominent, which is not conducive to the substantive settlement of disputes. In order to improve the trial efficiency of patent infringement litigation, alleviate the negative impact of the long trial period as much as possible, and fully consider the fact that the proportion of administrative litigation for patent authorization and confirmation changes the decision of the Patent Reexamination Board is low, Article 2 of Interpretation 2 designs a system of "arbitration first and prosecution separately", that is, after the Patent Reexamination Board makes a decision to declare the patent invalid, the court hearing the patent infringement dispute case can rule "dismiss the prosecution" without waiting for the final result of the administrative litigation, and pass ". The reason why the lawsuit is dismissed by procedural ruling instead of substantive judgment is mainly to consider that if the invalid decision is overturned by administrative judgment, the obligee can still sue separately.

　　Because the plaintiff in a patent infringement lawsuit may only be the patent licensee, he usually does not participate in the patent invalidation procedure, so he is not the addressee of the administrative judgment. The general provisions of the General Principles of Civil Law on the limitation of action apply to the calculation of the limitation of action for his separate prosecution, that is, he knows or should know the time when the patent right will be restored to be effective. In order to avoid tedious words, the third paragraph of this article only stipulates the limitation calculation of the patentee’s separate prosecution.

　　Another example is that after the Patent Reexamination Board has made a decision to declare the patent invalid, the parties concerned apply for retrial to cancel the judgment or conciliation statement of patent infringement made by the people’s court before the patent invalidation. Paragraph 1 of Article 29 of Interpretation 2 stipulates that the people’s court may make a ruling to suspend the retrial review and the execution of the original judgment or conciliation statement, with the aim of reducing the execution reversal caused by the continued execution after the patent is finally invalid, and giving the invalid decision a certain degree of effectiveness against the judgment or conciliation statement. Because the patent invalidation decision has not been reviewed by the judiciary, in order to balance the enforcement interests of the patentee and the infringer and avoid the possible side effects of "suspending the execution of the original judgment and conciliation statement", with reference to the provisions of Article 16 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Execution Procedures on the objection to execution, the second paragraph of Article 29 of Interpretation 2 stipulates that in the case that the people’s court has ruled to suspend execution, the patentee may request to continue execution after providing guarantee. In this regard, the infringer can ask for suspension of execution through counter-guarantee to check and balance. When the patent right is finally determined whether it is valid or not, the people’s court may enforce the guarantee or counter-guarantee property, so as to avoid the failure of enforcement interests.

　　Although the above two clauses in Interpretation II have actively explored the improvement of litigation efficiency, they cannot fundamentally solve the problem of long cycle caused by the binary separation of the people’s bank of China and the people’s bank of China due to the restrictions of existing laws and regulations. For example, Article 3 of Interpretation 2 stipulates that the court hearing a patent infringement dispute case can only explain to the parties and tell them to start the patent invalidation procedure if the patent clearly violates the third or fourth paragraph of Article 26 of the Patent Law and should be declared invalid. If the invalid procedure is initiated, the patent infringement lawsuit should generally be suspended. Only if the patent right is not declared invalid within a reasonable period, the people’s court can determine the scope of protection of the patent right according to the records of the claim. It can be seen that the fundamental solution to the problem of "long cycle" that has plagued patent protection for a long time needs to transform the litigation framework of "binary separation of people’s banks and banks" from the legislative level. At present, China is carrying out the fourth revision of the patent law, and we hope that the above problems can be solved in this revision.

　　Q: Just now, you mentioned that the drafting of Interpretation II carried out the guiding ideology of strengthening the publicity of claims. Can you introduce these provisions in detail?

　　A: As a yardstick to delimit the boundaries of patent rights, patent claim is the core concept of patent law, and many rules in the patent system revolve around patent claim. The judicial interpretation of patent law issued in 2009 once reflected the orientation of strengthening the publicity of claims, and Interpretation II continued to implement this guiding ideology, aiming at enhancing the certainty of the scope of patent protection and providing clear legal expectations for the public. This is also the need to fully consider the current situation that China’s patent quality is still at a low level as a whole and the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy.

　　Articles 5, 10 and 12 of Interpretation 2 are aimed at the pre-order features, the preparation methods in product claims and the emphasized terms in numerical features, respectively, and stipulate that the above features and terms have a limiting effect on the scope of patent protection. Whether the above features and terms are the necessary technical features of a patent is a problem that should be solved in the stage of patent authorization and confirmation, and it is not appropriate for the people’s court hearing patent infringement disputes to discriminate. That is to say, the patent document writer should pay enough attention to the expression of the above features and terms in the patent application stage.

　　Article 7 of Interpretation II clarifies the interpretation rules of the long-disputed closed composition claims in practice, and also highlights the respect for the publicity of the claims and the maintenance of the public’s trust in the scope of patent protection. Because all previous versions of the Patent Examination Guide have the same provisions for the claim of closed composition, that is, it must not contain other components other than the features described in the claim, unless it is unavoidable constant impurities. Through long-term patent practice, this writing method and interpretation rules have been generally accepted by the industry, and the interpretation rules stipulated in the first paragraph of Article 7 of Interpretation II are consistent with the Patent Examination Guide. The Chinese medicine composition claim stipulated in the second paragraph belongs to the exception of the first paragraph.

　　It should be pointed out that the written expression itself has certain limitations, and it is difficult for the patent technical scheme to be summarized comprehensively and accurately in the claims. Moreover, the improvement of patent document writing level needs a process, which cannot be achieved overnight. Therefore, while emphasizing the basic orientation of publicity of claims, the interpretation of claims needs to be flexible to avoid "literal theory", so that patents with real technical contributions can be protected compared with those in GAI.

　　Q: What is the reason for making special provisions on the claim of Chinese medicine composition?

　　A: The composition in the field of traditional Chinese medicine is fundamentally different from chemical drugs in terms of mode of action, manufacturing technology, physical and chemical parameters, etc. It is not appropriate to simply apply the interpretation rules of Article 7, paragraph 1, of Interpretation II. Moreover, China has a unique advantage in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. It is in line with the actual development of traditional Chinese medicine industry to adopt the rules of claim interpretation different from those of chemical pharmaceutical compositions, which is conducive to protecting innovation in the field of traditional Chinese medicine and promoting the development of the industry. Therefore, in principle, the provisions of the first paragraph do not apply to the interpretation of the claims of Chinese medicinal compositions mainly written by "made of ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… If there is no substantial impact, it is generally considered that the accused infringing product falls within the scope of patent protection.

　　Q: Why does Article 25 of Interpretation 2 stipulate that bona fide users can not stop using it?

　　A: Article 70 of the Patent Law stipulates that users, promised sellers and sellers shall be exempted from liability for compensation when their legitimate source defense is established. The dispute lies in whether bona fide users should stop using it after proving its legal source and paying reasonable consideration. In practice, users of infringing products usually don’t know and shouldn’t know that they are buying infringing products. Because users are at the end of the chain of infringement, they are easy to be found by right holders, so right holders often choose to sue users. Even if the manufacturer, seller and user are all co-defendants, if the user is only exempted from the liability of compensation for losses according to Article 70 of the Patent Law, he shall still bear the tort liability of stopping using. If you don’t stop using it, you have to pay royalties as a substitute for not stopping using it. However, the user has already paid the consideration when purchasing the infringing product. In fact, it is equal to the user paying double the consideration. The survey found that in recent years, the number of related cases with users as defendants has increased significantly, and the above phenomenon is more prominent. In order to clarify the legal boundary between patent rights and other civil rights, according to the principle of balance of interests, Article 25 of Interpretation II excludes bona fide users through a proviso.

　　During the drafting, there was a view that this article exempted bona fide users from the responsibility of not stopping using it, which was in conflict with Article 70 of the Patent Law. Another view is that, in the original intention of the system, the establishment of the legal source defense system is to combat the source of infringement, and the manufacturer is the main source of infringement. TRIPS agreement also does not require that acts of bona fide use should be prohibited. The user is in good faith subjectively, provides a legal source objectively, and pays a reasonable consideration to the seller when obtaining the infringing product, which should prevent the extension of patent prohibition. Patent right is exclusive, but it does not mean that it can be expanded indefinitely. Patent law is not only the law of the patentee, but also blindly and excessively emphasizes the unilateral interests of the patentee and ignores the legitimate interests of bona fide users, which will occupy the reasonable space of bona fide users and hinder the security of transactions. This is not the original intention of Article 70 of the Patent Law, and it also violates the basic legal spirit of balance of interests. On the basis of soliciting the opinions of the relevant legislative departments, Interpretation II adopted the second opinion.

　　If the obligee proves to the contrary that the user has not paid the consideration or the consideration is obviously unreasonable, it does not meet the constitutive requirements of exemption from stopping the infringement, and the user should still bear the civil liability for stopping the use, unless the exception of "national interests and public interests" stipulated in Article 26 of Interpretation 2 is met. The term "reasonable consideration" as mentioned in Article 25 of Interpretation 2 refers to the transaction price or transaction conditions that are basically equivalent to or slightly lower than the patented product. If the consideration is obviously lower than the transaction price or conditions of the patented product, it can usually be inferred that the buyer should know that the purchased product is not a patented product.

　　Q: What is the relationship between the provisions of Article 26 of Interpretation II on stopping the sued behavior without an order and the compulsory patent licensing system stipulated in the Patent Law?

　　A: Under normal circumstances, the infringer should bear the legal responsibility to stop the infringement. However, if the infringer’s stopping behavior will harm the national interests and public interests, the court may not order him to stop the sued behavior, but pay a reasonable royalty instead, which is a common practice in judicial practice at home and abroad. There is no clear stipulation in the patent law about the way of bearing tort liability, but the way of bearing tort liability stipulated in Article 15 of the Tort Liability Law can be applied separately or in combination. Article 26 of Interpretation II belongs to the determination of the way to bear civil liability in individual cases, which is the proper meaning of the application of tort liability law and other laws. Although the patent law stipulates the compulsory patent licensing system, Article 26 of Interpretation II goes hand in hand with the compulsory patent licensing system. If the compulsory license issued by the administrative organ is taken as the pre-procedure of civil tort litigation, it will lead to the suspension of civil litigation and artificially complicate the relief procedure, which is not conducive to timely settling disputes. It should be pointed out that only under extremely special exceptional circumstances, such as harming national interests and public interests, the court will not order the defendant to stop the act, and stopping the infringement is still the basic way of patent infringement liability.

　　Q: You just mentioned the temporary protection period of the invention patent. Please tell us about the relevant provisions.

　　A: The invention patent adopts the system of "early disclosure and delayed examination", so there is a temporary protection period between the date of publication of the patent application and the date of authorization announcement. Because all the infringements stipulated in Article 11 of the Patent Law are after the patent right is granted, the invention implemented during the temporary protection period is not an infringement in nature. However, the controversial issue in practice is whether the products that have been manufactured, sold or imported during the temporary protection period can be sold, promised to be sold or used after the announcement of patent authorization. In this regard, there were two opinions in the drafting: the first opinion is that the products manufactured, sold and imported during the temporary protection period are not infringing products, and the patentee has no right to prohibit the subsequent sales and use of non-infringing products after the authorization announcement date; The second view is that according to Article 11 of the Patent Law, after the patent right is granted, the patentee may prohibit others from carrying out any act without his permission. Using, promising to sell or selling products that have been manufactured, sold or imported during the temporary protection period does not belong to the situation that is not regarded as infringement as stipulated in Article 69 of the Patent Law, so it should be prohibited according to law. If the first opinion is adopted, it may lead to the situation that the actor hoards the products during the temporary protection period and sells them after the authorized announcement. If the second opinion is adopted, it is inconsistent with the nature that the products manufactured during the temporary protection period are not infringing products, and it is too harsh on the defendant. Therefore, Article 18 of Interpretation 2 makes a compromise: if the person who carries out manufacturing, selling or importing during the temporary protection period pays appropriate fees to the obligee in accordance with Article 13 of the Patent Law,Products that have been manufactured, sold or imported during the temporary protection period are not regarded as infringing products, and their subsequent use, sale and promised sale are not infringing acts as stipulated in Article 11 of the Patent Law.

　　In practice, the obligee may take the manufacturer, the user and the seller as co-defendants when suing, or may only sue the seller. When the seller puts forward the defense that the manufacturer has promised to pay the appropriate fee in writing, the obligee applies to add the manufacturer. In this regard, it should be handled in accordance with the corresponding provisions of the Civil Procedure Law and its judicial interpretation, and Interpretation II is not repeated. The reason why "written commitment" is stipulated is to enhance operability, and to provide a basis for possible charges against manufacturers, sellers and importers.

　　Q: In recent years, the issue of standard essential patents has attracted much attention at home and abroad. Article 24 of Interpretation 2 covers this issue. Please tell us about it.

　　A: In patent infringement litigation, the legal problem that the accused infringer claims not to stop implementing the act on the grounds of implementing the standard is typical. Whether the above defense is established depends on the subjective state of the standard implementer, that is, his knowledge of the patent involved in the standard, which is determined by the disclosure of patent information by the standard. Therefore, Article 24 of Interpretation II explores the subjective fault of the parties in the context of patent information disclosure, and then determines whether to order to stop the implementation of standards and bear civil liability, which still belongs to the perspective of patent law and tort liability law, and does not involve the issue of competition law.

　　In view of the complexity of the issue of standard essential patents, Interpretation II abandons the previous "big and comprehensive" drafting idea, and only clarifies the typical issues that all parties can reach a consensus, and does not involve the controversial issues for the time being. In particular, the Provisions on the Administration of National Standards Involving Patents (Provisional) issued by the National Standardization Administration Committee and China National Intellectual Property Administration in December 2013 improved the patent information disclosure procedure and made it clear that patents involved in national standards should be essential patents. In order to maintain the consistency with the above-mentioned interim provisions, Interpretation II only stipulates the recommended standards and the situation of the patents involved. Issues such as undisclosed patent information, mandatory standards and international standards that are not covered by the above interim provisions will be left to judicial practice to be solved step by step.

　　Q: Not long ago, the the State Council Legislative Affairs Office asked the public for opinions on the revised draft of the Patent Law. What are the provisions of Interpretation II and this revised draft of the Patent Law?

　　A: Judicial interpretation comes from trial practice and a large number of vivid cases in courts across the country. It is in this sense that judicial interpretation is the forerunner of legislation. Judicial interpretation of patent law is not only the basis for judges to apply patent cases, but also plays an important role in filling legal loopholes and refining legal standards, which constitutes an organic part of China’s patent legal system. The implementation of judicial interpretation of patent law will further verify and improve relevant legal rules and lay a more solid foundation for the revision of patent law.

　　For example, the system of indirect patent infringement stipulated in Article 21 of Interpretation II has similar provisions in this revised draft of the Patent Law. In practice, there is no connection between the indirect infringer and the infringer who finally implements the invention and creation, and it does not constitute a joint fault. However, in view of the obvious subjective malice of indirect infringers, and the parts and components they provide are special products for direct infringement, or they actively induce others to commit infringement, they are included in the scope of regulation in Article 9 of the Tort Liability Law. This is the proper meaning of the application of tort liability law, and it is not to give extra protection to the patentee outside the current legal framework, which is in line with the objective reality of strengthening patent protection.

　　It should be emphasized that indirect infringement should be based on direct infringement, so the provisions are expressed as "implementing" the act of infringing patent rights. However, it does not mean that there must be a referee who finds that the direct infringement is established before the indirect infringement lawsuit is filed. Regarding whether to treat the indirect infringer and the direct infringer as co-defendants, the people’s court may decide whether to treat the direct infringer as a co-defendant according to the specific case, considering that there may be a situation where the direct infringer has been determined by a prior judgment.

　　In addition to indirect infringement, Interpretation II further enriches the rules for the interpretation of claims and clarifies the reasons for the defense of non-infringement. There are still some problems that have been reflected in the exposure draft, such as the defense of patent conflict application, the purpose of production and operation, etc., and finally they are not included in Interpretation II due to the restrictions of the current patent law, but it does not mean that the views of the exposure draft on some issues are wrong. Some may be reflected in future judicial policies and typical cases, some may need further study, demonstration and unified understanding, and some are deep-seated problems of the patent law itself, which need to be paid special attention to in this or future revision of the patent law.

　　Q: I noticed that the title of this judicial interpretation is "Interpretation II". What is the relationship between it and the existing judicial interpretation of patent law?

　　A: In December 2009, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Patent Infringement Disputes. Interpretation II is based on the judicial interpretation of patent law in 2009, which further enriches and refines the criteria for judging patent infringement, so it is expressed as Interpretation II, which also reserves space for future judicial interpretations of patent law, so as to systematize the judicial interpretation of patent infringement. In addition, Article 23 of Interpretation II will absorb (93) with the approval of No.20. However, the two judicial interpretations of the patent law issued in 2001 and 2009 did not conflict with Interpretation II, and there was no problem of substitution by Interpretation II.

　　Q: What specific measures will the Supreme People’s Court take to implement Interpretation II after its implementation?

　　A: the Supreme People’s Court will let the front-line judges of patent trials accurately grasp the original intention of drafting Interpretation II and the problems that should be paid attention to in understanding and application through various means such as business meetings of the court system and training courses of the judges’ college. In addition, in order to meet the needs of the majority of patent legal practitioners and the public to understand the original intention of the judicial interpretation provisions of the patent law, the Supreme People’s Court has set up a writing team to publish the book Understanding and Application of Judicial Interpretation of the Patent Law (tentative name) in the second quarter of this year, which will comprehensively sort out the three existing judicial interpretations of the patent law and arrange them according to a brand-new style that is easy to refer to.

　　The Supreme People’s Court will strengthen the tracking of the implementation of Interpretation II, continuously collect and summarize the problems in the implementation of judicial interpretation, and unify the applicable standards in time to ensure the correct implementation of the patent law.

CCTV News:The yield of us treasury bonds has hit new highs for many years. Experts said that the bond yield is inversely proportional to the bond price. Recently, the medium and long-term US bond yield has risen sharply, which has also led to a significant decline in the price of US Treasury bonds in the corresponding period. This reflects that the market believes that the high inflation situation in the United States may last longer.

The data shows that as of October 6, local time in the United States, the yields of 3-month, 2-year, 5-year, 10-year and 30-year US Treasury bonds increased by 7 basis points, 23 basis points, 52 basis points, 69 basis points and 75 basis points respectively compared with the end of August. Among them, the yield of 5-,10-and 30-year US Treasury bonds has risen to a new high in the past 16 years, and the yield of 2-and 3-month US Treasury bonds has reached the highest level in the past 17 years and 22 years.

Wen Bin, Chief Economist of China Minsheng Bank:Influenced by inflation expectations and other factors, since mid-May this year, the yield of U.S. government bonds with various maturities has generally increased. With the recent imbalance between supply and demand in the U.S. government bond market, the price of government bonds with various maturities has declined to varying degrees, and the yield of U.S. government bonds with various maturities has hit new highs for many years.　　　　　　　　　

Reflecting the financial market’s concern about the Fed’s continued high interest rates.

At the same time, the long-term and short-term yields of US Treasury bonds are upside down. The yield of 2-year and 10-year US Treasury bonds has been upside down for 15 months, and the maximum upside down rate was as high as 108 basis points. The yield of 3-month and 10-year US Treasury bonds has been upside down for 11 months, and the maximum upside down rate was as high as 189 basis points.

Wang Qing, Chief Macro Analyst of Oriental Jincheng:The core factor affecting the interest rate trend of short-term treasury bonds is monetary policy and expectation, which means that the market judges that it is unlikely that the Fed will continue to raise interest rates in the short term. The yield of medium and long-term treasury bonds is mainly linked to fundamental factors such as inflation level and economic growth. The current situation shows that the market believes that the high inflation situation in the United States will last longer, and it is expected that the Fed will postpone the interest rate cut next year.

At present, there is an imbalance between supply and demand in US Treasury bonds.

In the third quarter of this year, the net issuance of US Treasury bonds exceeded US$ 1 trillion, a record high in the same period. It is estimated that the net issuance of US Treasury bonds will reach US$ 850 billion in the fourth quarter. However, on the demand side of US Treasury bonds, as the Federal Reserve keeps high interest rates and reduces the purchase scale of US Treasury bonds, the number of buyers of US Treasury bonds decreases. The imbalance between supply and demand is constantly pushing up the yield of US Treasury bonds, bringing down the bond price.

　　　　　　 Lu Zhe, Chief Economist of Debon Securities:Since the second half of this year, the issuance of U.S. Treasury bonds has increased significantly, and the Fed has continued to shrink its balance sheet, that is, the Fed sells U.S. Treasury bonds in the market, especially medium-and long-term varieties of Treasury bonds, which has brought about an obvious imbalance between supply and demand in the U.S. Treasury bond market, which has also aggravated the rise in the yield of U.S. Treasury bonds and the decline in prices.

It will continue to have an impact on global financial and trade stability.

With the recent rise in the yield of US bonds, the financial market has fluctuated greatly. Experts said that in the long run, this situation will adversely affect global financial and trade stability in the future.　

The yield level of national debt plays an important role in the asset pricing of financial markets. Recently, there have been obvious fluctuations in financial markets from the United States to the world. The US dollar index remained at a high level, and non-US currencies were generally under pressure.

Concerns that the Fed will "keep higher interest rates for a longer period of time" are spreading to the global financial markets, and the yields of European government bonds, including Britain, France and Germany, have generally increased. Experts said that the return of global capital to the US and European markets has also brought external pressure to emerging economies, especially countries with heavy debt burdens.

Wen Bin, Chief Economist of Minsheng Bank:Recently, the yields of government bonds in many developed economies have risen to varying degrees. In addition to the common fundamental factor of high inflation, the spillover effect of rising US Treasury yields is also an important reason. The longer the yield of US Treasury bonds stays at a high level, the more likely it will have a greater impact on global financial stability.

In addition, according to the latest forecast of the World Trade Organization, in 2023, the global merchandise trade volume will only increase by 0.8% year-on-year, which is lower than the 1.7% forecast in April and far lower than the average annual growth rate of 2.6% since the financial crisis.

Wang Qing, Chief Macro Analyst of Oriental Jincheng:High interest rates will aggravate the economic slowdown in developed economies, leading to a decline in the import demand for goods and services in developed economies, and thus global trade will continue to be dragged down, which will slow down the pace of global economic recovery.

Since last year, the enthusiasm of global central banks to buy gold has continued to rise. According to the data of the World Gold Council, central banks bought 77 tons of gold in August and 219 tons in the past three months. Due to the sharp rise in the yield of US Treasury bonds, the performance of the US dollar index is relatively strong. Since late September, the international gold price has declined to some extent.

Lu Zhe, Chief Economist of Debon Securities:Since last year, concerns about geopolitical conflicts, inflation hedging and long-term value preservation have prompted global central banks to increase their gold purchases and reserves. The international gold price is denominated in US dollars, and the yield of US Treasury bonds has risen sharply, pushing up the US dollar, which will inevitably bring downward pressure on the international gold price. However, when the yield of US Treasury bonds continues to rise and the price drops sharply, many countries are increasing their purchases of gold for the sake of asset preservation.

Cctv news(Reporter Dong Shuyun): On January 10th, the National Science and Technology Awards Conference was grandly held in the Great Hall of the People. The project "Construction of the Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Its Guidance for the Prevention and Treatment of Microangiopathy" led by Wu Yiling, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award. It is reported that the award is the only first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in the medical field in 2019.

As a contemporary of the Republic, Wu Yiling has multiple identities such as doctor, academician and entrepreneur. Referring to these names, he smiled indifferently and said, "I am a doctor."

Wu Yiling (Photo courtesy of the respondent)

Born into a family of traditional Chinese medicine, he devoted himself to the research of traditional Chinese medicine for 40 years.

The Wu family practiced medicine for several generations, and Wu Yiling’s father was very famous in his hometown in Hebei Province at that time. He accumulated a lot of Chinese medicine classics at home, and Wu Yiling read Huangdi Neijing and Treatise on Febrile Diseases almost every time.

In 1977, Wu Yiling was admitted to the Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Medical University (then Hebei New Medical University). In the second year, the whole country resumed recruiting graduate students. The class teacher encouraged him to apply for the exam because of his solid basic skills. With years of accumulation, Wu Yiling completed the five-year college course in only three months. In 1979, he was admitted as the first graduate student of cardiovascular and diabetes in Nanjing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

During his three years as a graduate student in Wu Yiling, he began to get involved in the subject of collateral diseases. After graduation, he returned to work in the Cardiovascular Department of Hebei Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, and during this period, he began to explore different ways to treat cardiovascular diseases, and also innovatively developed prescriptions for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Wu Yiling (left) Visiting Data Map

"Chinese medicine has been circulating for thousands of years, and it is profound, but our understanding of it is not deep enough." Wu Yiling said with deep feelings that as a doctor, he has the responsibility to promote Chinese medicine to keep pace with the times and further develop it.

Guided by the theory of venation, a new understanding of microangiopathy

China Cardiovascular Report 2018 shows that there are about 290 million patients with cardiovascular diseases in China, and one person dies of cardiovascular diseases every 10 seconds, and the mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases still ranks first. Microangiopathy is considered to be the key factor to improve the clinical efficacy of the above diseases, but due to its unclear mechanism and uncertain curative effect, scholars at home and abroad have never made a breakthrough for many years.

Wu Yiling and his team have made great innovations in the academic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, focusing on the international problem of microangiopathy and combining the major diseases of heart, brain and sugar.

The Wu Yiling team project won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award (Photo courtesy of the interviewee)

Since 2005, Wu Yiling led the scientific research team to build the theory of TCM veins for the first time, relying on two national key basic research and development plans (referred to as "973 Plan") and combining with more than 10 domestic colleges and universities.

"&lsquo in the context theory; Pulse ’ Chinese medicine is called blood vessel, which is actually the same thing as the blood vessel of western medicine in anatomy, and the vein is the branch of blood vessel, "Wu Yiling said. The research team has carried out a lot of experiments in more than ten years, and under the guidance of venation theory, they have a new understanding of microvascular diseases.

"Microvessels, including microcirculatory lesions, are a difficult problem in the international medical community. They not only play an important role in the occurrence and development of major diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes, but also are the key factors that are difficult to improve the clinical efficacy at present. We have carried out research from three aspects: Chinese medicine, academic theory and mechanism of action. "

The research team adopted a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical evidence-based medicine that fully met international standards, and analyzed more than 33,000 research data, revealing that microangiopathy is a core and starting factor, including microvascular endothelial cells. Protecting microvascular endothelial cells is the key mechanism for treating clinical cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Wu Yiling (left) video screenshot

Wu Yiling said, "Around such an innovative theory, we adopted three traditional Chinese medicines for dredging collaterals and treating cardiovascular diseases". Clinical studies have confirmed that these drugs have great advantages in protecting microvessels and improving microcirculation.

Among them, the evidence-based study of Tongxinluo capsule in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction without reflow confirmed that it can reduce the area of myocardial infarction, improve cardiac function, and improve the curative effect by 20%, which has made great progress in solving this problem in the international cardiovascular community.

However, for Wu Yiling, the integration of Chinese and Western medicine and the real "going out" of Chinese medicine are his constant pursuit and efforts. Wu Yiling sighed, "The mechanism of Chinese medicine can be clearly explained, and Chinese medicine can be widely recognized by the world, so we can be worthy of this quintessence."

CCTV News:After the unblocking of Tongchuan, Shaanxi Province, the local authorities made overall plans to prevent and control the epidemic situation and resume production to ensure the orderly recovery of economic and social operation and market vitality.

In the past few days, most restaurants along the street in the main city of Tongchuan have gradually resumed business. Although it is not possible to eat in the hall for the time being, take-away food can be delivered. The reporter saw in a restaurant that the citizens who came to eat consciously wore masks under the guidance of the staff, kept the distance, and waited in line for the meal in an orderly manner. In the noodle restaurant, the staff are busy pulling noodles, mixing ingredients, cooking soup and packaging.

Yang Miao, a restaurant employee in Tongchuan, Shaanxi:At present, only salty noodle soup is sold all day, and customers can only pack it and don’t support dining.

In addition, some local supermarkets have gradually resumed business, among which 1,225 business entities in Yaozhou District have achieved normal business.

Zhang Hao, Deputy Director of Yaozhou District Market Supervision Administration, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province:"Physical examination" for all types of business households, maintaining market stability, and vigorously and orderly promoting the resumption of work, production and business.

It is a strategic choice for China Unicom to build a key technology base of digital information, build a scientific and technological innovative enterprise, and embrace the future of digital economy hand in hand with all parties in the industrial chain. Recently, China Unicom’s partner conference was held in Beijing. The conference not only defined the company’s new positioning and strategy, but also defined the five main responsibilities of "big connection, big computing, big data, big application and big security", which pointed out the direction for the future development of China Unicom. On the first day of the conference, Unicom Cloud was fully upgraded, and China Unicom’s cloud computing business brand was completely renewed. Unicom Cloud, as the unified computing base for China Unicom to undertake big computing business, will improve the service level of "connection+perception+computing+intelligence" and create the "first computing engine" for the digital economy.

Serving the digital economy and consolidating the base of digital information infrastructure

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly pointed out that the development of digital economy is a strategic choice to grasp the new opportunities of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. It is necessary to "accelerate the construction of intelligent comprehensive digital information infrastructure with high speed, ubiquity, integration of heaven and earth, cloud and network integration, intelligence and agility, green and low carbon, security and controllability, and open up the information artery of economic and social development". "Give full play to the advantages of massive data and rich application scenarios, promote the deep integration of digital technology and real economy, empower the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and give birth to new ones."

China Unicom conscientiously implemented the spirit of the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, comprehensively undertook the new mission entrusted by the new era, combined with its own resource endowment, conformed to the law of technology and market development, and closely followed the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation trend, and determined the new orientation and strategy for the development of the company during the Tenth Five-Year Plan. Based on the new journey, China Unicom’s new positioning is: the national team of digital information infrastructure operation and service, the main force of building a smart society in digital China, a network power, and the vanguard of digital technology integration and innovation. Based on the new positioning, China Unicom upgraded the company’s strategy to "strengthen the foundation, be honest and innovative, and be integrated and open". Under the new positioning and strategy, China Unicom will make full efforts in the main channel of digital economy, and take "big connection, big computing, big data, big application and big security" as its main business, so as to realize all-round transformation and upgrading of development power, path and mode, open up new development space and integrate into the new development pattern.

Undertake big computing and provide a powerful computing engine.

Computing power is becoming the new engine of digital economy development, the new embodiment of national hard power and the new focus of global strategic competition. The data shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the level of computing power and the level of economic development in countries around the world. Liang Baojun, deputy general manager of China Unicom, said in a speech at the Unicom Cloud Conference that according to the calculation of China ICT Institute, the computing industry can drive economic output to 4 yuan for every investment in 1 yuan. As a key component of digital information infrastructure, computing power has become a new kinetic energy to support the development of digital economy, and its driving role is very obvious. Doing powerful computing is not only the need for China Unicom to develop its five main businesses, but also will strongly promote the development of digital economy.

China Unicom integrates network and computing resources, promotes the new layout of computing network with advanced architecture, safety and reliability, and excellent service, and builds a new ecosystem of computing network integration with computing power as the core. China Unicom strives to build a green, intensive, safe and reliable computing infrastructure; Focus on building a national integrated, intelligent and agile new computing network; Focus on building a Unicom cloud with cloud and network integration, security and credibility, exclusive customization and cloudy collaboration. Through powerful computing, a multi-level computing facility system of digital network collaboration, shuyun collaboration, cloud edge collaboration and green intelligence is formed, which supports comprehensive and diverse digital needs of different dimensions and levels and provides a powerful computing engine for high-quality economic and social development.

Comprehensively innovate and upgrade to create a credible digital intelligence cloud.

Unicom Cloud is the unified computing base for undertaking big computing business among the five main businesses of China Unicom, and it has the differentiated advantages of "safety and credibility, integration of cloud and network, exclusive customization and cloudy collaboration". This upgrade is reflected in four aspects: technology, products, services and ecology.

In terms of technology, first, cloud native technology leads, fully supports the intensive business system of China Unicom, stably carries the core business operation of 400 million+users, creates the ultra-large-scale cloud native technology practice with 300,000+containers online in real time, and provides reliable computing support for the digital transformation of government and enterprise customers. The second is the integration of distributed cloud across domains, realizing four-level cloud network coverage, second-level cross-domain scheduling, and one-click distribution of 100+5G applications, further deepening the collaborative integration of 5G cloud networks. Third, the core technology is self-controllable, safe and credible, and a brand-new version 3.0 of Unicom cloud operating system is launched, which supports cloud native+virtualized dual technology stack, fully adapts to mainstream domestic software and hardware, supports multi-modality delivery with unified technology kernel, and provides localized end-to-end full-stack solutions. The fourth is the integration of digital intelligence of PaaS products, which supports 100 million IoT connections, provides more than 40 artificial intelligence atomic capabilities, 8 blockchain general service components, and aPaaS components support more than 160 self-developed applications, realizing intensive operation and integrated agile delivery. Fifth, the integration of cloud and network, the deep integration of computing power and network, the construction of CUBE-Net3.0 new computing power network, the enhancement of the programmable ability of the industrial Internet CUII covering 336 cities, the realization of one-point access to the cloud, intelligent networking, integrated scheduling of computing networks, and the creation of a cloud-network integrated service of "one network is cloudy, and one-click network adjusts the cloud".

In terms of products, the upgraded Unicom cloud fusion technology and scene innovation have launched seven scene cloud products, namely, IOT sensing cloud, sea storage cloud, intelligent video cloud, intelligent chain collaborative cloud, 5G edge cloud, autonomous controllable cloud and hybrid cloud, which provide reliable assistance for thousands of industries to go to the cloud, use data and empower intelligence. In terms of services, China Unicom implemented the service concept of "all for customers" and launched the full-cycle and all-round Unicom cloud CARE plan. C (Convergent) convenient operation service provides omni-channel service of "online acceptance" and "offline three-level network" around the differentiated service needs of customers on the cloud. A(Accountable) promises responsible SLA services, builds an agile and efficient operation service team, improves business operation and service guarantee capabilities, and provides cloud services to cloud customers with carrier-grade standards. R(Reliable) is a reliable security service. China Unicom has built a dynamic active defense capability driven by digital intelligence, a full-life data security capability and a one-stop security service system to protect the digital transformation of the economy and society. E(Enhanced) is an extensible professional service. Based on its powerful cloud operation and maintenance system and ecological strength, China Unicom provides customers with cloud professional services covering all stages of consultation, construction and operation. China Unicom has always been dedicated to becoming an excellent cloud service provider (CSP) and a leading cloud management service provider (CMSP) to create value for customers.

Open cooperation is an important force to promote the development of enterprises. China Unicom put forward the concept of "strengthening foundation, keeping integrity and innovation, and integrating and opening up", hoping to join hands with partners to build a new cloud ecosystem of Unicom from three dimensions. First, carry out multi-faceted technical cooperation. Unicom Cloud will continue to increase the contribution of the open source community, and jointly carry out scientific and technological breakthroughs and new product and technology pilots with various Industry-University-Research institutions to jointly enhance its core technical capabilities. Second, multi-dimensional product co-construction, Unicom Cloud will explore new directions in the vertical field with industry application partners, jointly create a scene ecosystem, and promote localization adaptation and cooperation. Third, multi-channel prosperity application ecology, actively support application partners to settle in the cloud market, jointly create explosive applications in sub-sectors, deeply customize Unicom cloud application products, and achieve scale development. Liang Baojun said that in the future, China Unicom will increase cooperation with its partners in technology advancement, product co-construction and application symbiosis, so as to jointly create a new ecosystem of Unicom Cloud.

Strong foundation, innovation, integration and opening up, under the new strategy of China Unicom, Unicom Cloud will further efficiently support digital transformation in various fields and make new contributions to high-quality economic and social development.

　　Before the democratic reform in Xizang, serfs were just "talking tools". The democratic reform in Xizang completely abolished the feudal serfdom and opened a new era in Xizang from darkness to light and from backwardness to progress, and serfs became masters of their own destiny. In 1961, universal suffrage was implemented in all parts of Xizang, and in August 1965, the election of townships and counties in Xizang was completed. The picture on the left shows the serfs who turned over after the democratic reform in Xizang elected their heads with joy (Hantu/vision china). The picture on the right shows serfs working in chains before the democratic reform in Xizang (Xinhua News Agency).

　

　　Just a few decades span thousands of years. Over the past 60 years of democratic reform in Xizang, the region has made brilliant achievements in various undertakings and written a magnificent chapter of revolution, construction and reform. The picture shows the gross domestic product and population growth in Xizang since the democratic reform. Source: Sun Tong, Xizang Autonomous Region Statistics Bureau/Cartography

　　The feudal serfdom in old Xizang, which combined politics with religion, not only severely restricted the development of Xizang’s productive forces, but also made Xizang’s traditional culture in a closed and shrinking state. Over the past 60 years of democratic reform in Xizang, the Party and the government have invested huge manpower, financial resources and material resources to inherit, protect and carry forward the excellent traditional Tibetan culture and develop the advanced socialist culture, and Xizang culture has achieved unprecedented prosperity and development. The picture above shows a panoramic view of Potala Palace. The picture below shows the monks in Potala Palace sorting out documents. Xinhua News Agency reporter Pubuzhaxi/photo

　　Before the democratic reform in Xizang, women’s social status was very low. After the democratic reform in Xizang, women’s social status has improved rapidly. The picture above shows smiling young women in Lhasa in 1960 (photo by People’s Pictorial He Shiyao). The picture below shows the female slaves who were hungry and cold before the democratic reform (photo courtesy of Xizang Daily).

　　This year marks the 60th anniversary of democratic reform in Xizang. Commemorating Xizang’s democratic reform, a great pioneering work in the history of human liberation, is of great significance for us to thoroughly implement the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, especially the important exposition of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary on managing the border and stabilizing Tibet, adhere to the Party’s general plan for managing Tibet, inspire cadres and masses of all ethnic groups in the region to promote great development and long-term stability at a new historical starting point, and write a good Xizang chapter of the Chinese nation’s great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream.

　　1. Xizang’s democratic reform has cast an immortal monument, which has opened a bright future for Xizang’s prosperity and progress.

　　Before the democratic reform, Xizang was ruled by the feudal serfdom, in which politics and religion were integrated. The serf-owner class carried out extremely cruel political oppression and economic exploitation on the broad masses of serfs and slaves. The people suffered great disasters and struggled to survive, and the society fell into a state of extreme poverty, backwardness and closed shrinkage.

　　Egged on and supported by international anti-China forces, on March 10th, 1959, the upper reactionary groups in Xizang provoked an all-out armed rebellion after a long period of careful planning, and the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India. On March 28th, 1959, Premier Zhou Enlai signed an order announcing the dissolution of the local government in Xizang, and preparatory committee for the tibet autonomous region exercised the functions and powers of the local government in Xizang, calling on people in Xizang to fight for building a new democratic and socialist Xizang. Under the leadership of the Party, millions of serfs launched a vigorous and magnificent democratic reform movement, abolished the political, economic, cultural and social systems that safeguarded the interests of the feudal serf-owner class, initiated a new era in Tibetan history, and cast an immortal monument on the roof of the world.

　　Millions of serfs were emancipated and became masters of the country. The democratic reform completely buried the feudal serfdom with the unity of politics and religion, and completely abolished the serf’s personal attachment to the serf owners. In the past, the "talking tool" became a free citizen with a family, an industry and dignity, and millions of serfs ushered in an era when everyone was born equal. Millions of emancipated serfs established people’s political power under the unity of the Party, participated in the management of state and local affairs at all levels in Xizang as masters, and exercised the right to be masters of their own affairs. The great leap of Xizang’s social system has provided a solid guarantee for economic and social development, and people of all ethnic groups have since embarked on the broad road of socialism with the people of the whole country.

　　Social productive forces have achieved great liberation and development. With the end of feudal serfdom, millions of serfs have their own land and means of production for the first time, and laborers can work and harvest on their own cultivated land and pasture, and gain the right to freely control the means of production and means of subsistence. With the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the support of the people of the whole country, Xizang’s social productive forces have been greatly liberated, and the people’s long-suppressed enthusiasm for work and creation has erupted like a volcano, and the productive forces have developed rapidly, and a prosperous and prosperous new socialist Xizang has appeared before the world.

　　Excellent national traditional culture has been protected and promoted. Democratic reform smashed the feudal spiritual and cultural shackles, ended the history that a few upper-class feudal nobles and monks monopolized cultural education, broke the imprisonment of cultural absolutism in old Xizang, and freed the people from ideological ignorance and conservatism. Xizang’s outstanding folk cultural and artistic heritage has been collected, sorted out and published, and a large number of precious cultural relics have been protected. Tibetan language has been widely studied and used, becoming the first minority language with international standards in China. A large number of literary and artistic works with novel themes, outstanding national characteristics and strong flavor of the times have emerged, which greatly enriched and enlivened the cultural life of the masses. Tibetan medicine with unique ethnic characteristics has gone to the whole country and the world. Traditional customs and habits, including Tibetan New Year, Snow Festival and other traditional festivals, have been well preserved and inherited, forming a good situation of innovation in inheritance and development in protection.

　　宗教信仰自由得到充分尊重。民主改革推翻了腐朽落后的教权统治，实行政教分离，全面废除寺庙在经济、政治上的一切封建特权，铲除寺庙的封建占有、封建剥削、人身奴役以及寺庙内部的封建管理和等级制度，所有寺庙均由管委会实行民主管理，恢复了宗教的本来面目。各民族宗教信仰自由权利受到宪法和法律的保护。各种宗教、各个教派都平等地得到尊重和保护。

　　国家统一和民族团结得到有力维护。民主改革解散了原西藏地方政府，严厉打击了国内外分裂势力，铲除了帝国主义侵略势力同西藏少数上层分裂主义势力相互勾结、图谋“西藏独立”的政治基础和阶级基础，维护了社会和谐稳定，捍卫了西藏人民的根本利益，赢得了百万农奴的衷心拥护。经过这场血与火的锤炼和考验，各族人民更加心向共产党、心向伟大祖国，坚决维护了祖国统一和民族团结。

　　党在西藏执政地位不断巩固。历经和平解放、平息达赖集团全面武装叛乱和实行民主改革等具有深远历史意义的重大社会变革，深刻改变了西藏各族人民的前途命运。西藏人民从接触、了解、认识中国共产党，到发自内心拥护、爱戴、紧跟中国共产党，党在西藏执政拥有了坚实的群众基础，确立了执政地位，实现了对西藏工作的全面领导，成为西藏各族人民的主心骨，成为西藏各项事业繁荣发展的领导核心。

　　西藏民主改革是我们党将马克思主义基本原理与西藏特殊区情创造性结合的产物，是共产党人高超政治智慧的集中体现，是党的治藏方略的成功实践。这是西藏发展史上最广泛、最深刻、最伟大的社会变革，是西藏社会发展和人权进步划时代的重大历史事件，也是人类文明发展史和世界人权史上具有重大意义的历史事件，对西藏各族人民有着深远的影响。

　　Two, just a few decades spanning thousands of years, Xizang has made brilliant achievements in various undertakings in the past 60 years.

　　Over the past 60 years of democratic reform, the CPC Central Committee has always attached great importance to Xizang’s work and cared for the people of all ethnic groups in Xizang. Under the strong leadership of the Party’s three generations of central collective leadership with Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin at the core and the CPC Central Committee with Hu Jintao as the general secretary, under the brilliant light of the Party’s ethnic policy and with the selfless assistance of the people of the whole country, people of all ethnic groups in the whole region have forged ahead along the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and written a magnificent chapter of revolution, construction and reform. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, cadres and the masses of all ethnic groups in the region have closely United around the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, held high the great banner of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, thoroughly studied and implemented Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era and the spirit of the 18th and 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Sixth Xizang Work Forum of the Central Committee, implemented the important exposition of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader on stabilizing Tibet and the spirit of a series of important instructions on Xizang’s work, and started a new situation of rapid development and long-term stability.

　　Sustained and healthy economic development and ever-changing social outlook. The establishment of the socialist system and the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy have greatly liberated and developed Xizang’s social productive forces. In particular, the Central Committee has held six symposiums on Xizang work and formulated a series of special preferential policies, which have injected a strong impetus into Xizang’s economic and social development. In 1959, the GDP of the whole region was only 174 million yuan, and in 2018, it reached 147.76 billion yuan, an increase of 191 times. The state has invested more than 1 trillion yuan to implement more than 800 key construction projects, and the infrastructure has achieved extraordinary development. The total mileage of highways has reached 97,400 kilometers. Seven high-grade highways, such as Lagong, have been completed and opened to traffic. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway and Lari Railway have been completed and put into operation. The construction of Lalin section of sichuan-tibet railway is progressing smoothly, with 5 civil aviation airports completed and operated, and a large number of water conservancy projects, such as Manla and Pangduo, have been completed and put into use. The Qinghai-Tibet and Sichuan-Tibet power interconnection projects have set up a "sky road" The characteristic breeding industry with highland barley and yak as the main content and the processing industry of green organic agricultural and livestock products are constantly developing and growing. The tourism culture, clean energy, ecological environment protection, modern services, border trade logistics, high-tech digital and other industries are accelerating, and resource advantages are being transformed into economic advantages.

　　The people’s living standards have been greatly improved, and the sense of happiness of the people of all ethnic groups has been continuously enhanced. The Party’s policies for enriching the people have been fully implemented, and the people of all ethnic groups in Xizang have enjoyed the most favorable policies in the country. In 2018, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents reached 33,797 yuan and 11,450 yuan, 73 times and 105 times that of 1965, respectively. The per capita self-owned housing area of urban and rural residents reached 28.6 square meters and 33.9 square meters, respectively. The central heating projects in Lhasa, Naqu and Ali were completed and put into use, ending the history of burning cow dung for heating for generations. The "three guarantees" policy of compulsory education has been fully implemented, the 15-year free education policy has been continuously improved, pre-school bilingual education has been fully popularized, and the reform and development of urban and rural compulsory education has been further promoted. In 2018, the gross enrollment rate of pre-school education was 77.9%, the illiteracy rate of young and middle-aged people dropped to 0.52%, and the average length of education for the labor force reached 8.6 years. A medical and health service network covering urban and rural areas has gradually taken shape. The rural medical system based on free medical care and the basic medical insurance and public medical security system for urban residents have achieved full coverage, and the average life expectancy has increased from 35.5 years to 68.2 years. The social security system covering urban and rural areas has become increasingly sound, and many policies for benefiting the people, such as urban and rural subsistence allowances, have been continuously upgraded and expanded. Excellent traditional culture has flourished, and the world cultural heritages such as Gesar, Tibetan paper and Tibetan opera are dazzling. The network of public cultural facilities has basically taken shape, and the comprehensive coverage rate of radio and television population has reached 97.1% and 98.2% respectively.

　　The cause of national unity and progress has been consolidated and developed, and freedom of religious belief has been fully respected. The Party’s ethnic and religious policies have been fully implemented in Xizang. The education of national unity and progress and the activities of creating national unity and progress have been widely carried out. People of all ethnic groups have made intimate friends, become harmonious neighbors and got a happy marriage. National unity families and national unity courtyards abound, and more than 40 ethnic groups have joined hands to protect the sacred land and build a happy home. The people’s freedom of religious belief is fully respected, and normal religious activities are protected according to law.

　　The social situation remains harmonious and stable, and people of all ethnic groups live and work in peace and happiness. In-depth exposure and criticism of the reactionary nature of the Dalai clique, "unity and stability is a blessing, and division and turmoil is a curse" has become a broad consensus of the people of all ethnic groups, and the desire of the people of all ethnic groups to "I want stability" is getting stronger and stronger. Social governance innovation has been continuously strengthened, the construction of a safe Xizang has been deepened, and the satisfaction of the people’s sense of security has reached over 99%.

　　The ecological environment continues to be good, and Xizang is still one of the regions with the best environmental quality in the world. Adhere to ecological protection first, respect nature, conform to nature, protect nature, implement the strictest ecological protection system, establish a comprehensive system of rivers and lakes, and initially establish an ecological environment protection system. Land greening has been carried out in depth, and the forest coverage rate in the whole region has increased to 12.14%, and various nature reserves account for 34.35% of the total land area of the whole region. The average excellent and good rate of ambient air quality in seven cities is over 95%.

　　60 years of hurricane and rain, 60 years of spring and autumn. The 60 years since Xizang’s democratic reform have been the great victory of the Party’s ethnic policy, the successful practice of China’s regional ethnic autonomy system, and the 60 years that people of all ethnic groups in the region feel grateful to the Party, listen to the Party’s words and follow the Party. The brilliant achievements in the past 60 years are the result of the strong leadership and cordial care of the CPC Central Committee, the strong support of the central and state organs, and the joint efforts of party organizations at all levels, the vast number of party member, cadres and people of all ethnic groups in the region. Unswervingly adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), unswervingly follow the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, unswervingly adhere to the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and unswervingly implement the Party’s general plan for managing Tibet and the important exposition of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on managing the border and stabilizing Tibet, and Xizang’s tomorrow will be even more brilliant.

　　Third, adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, and constantly create a new situation of Xizang’s rapid development and long-term stability.

　　Sixty years of hard work and forge ahead to create brilliance, and in the new era, we will rule the border and write a chapter. Standing at a new historical starting point, we should unite more closely around the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences" and achieve the "two maintenances", firmly grasp the focus and starting point of Xizang’s work in accordance with the direction pointed out by the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader and the CPC Central Committee, and take the initiative of "one person, one person, ten people, one hundred percent".

　　Unswervingly achieve "two maintenance". Take the "two maintenance" as the primary political task, consciously support the core of trust, loyalty and defense, do everything according to the orders of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader and the Party Central Committee, and implement everything according to the deployment requirements of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader and the Party Central Committee, and carry out the major policies set by the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader and the Party Central Committee to the letter. Among farmers, herdsmen, young students and temple monks and nuns, we will extend "stressing the party’s love for the core, unity and love for the motherland, contribution to the home and civilization and love for life", comprehensively carry out "being qualified as a party member and being a pioneer model" in party member, and thoroughly carry out the four standards of "being politically reliable, religiously accomplished, morally serving the public and playing a role at a critical moment" of the supreme leader’s general secretary among temple monks and nuns, and strive to be advanced monks and nuns.

　　Unswervingly maintain social stability. We will further enhance our awareness of hardship and risk prevention, adhere to the bottom line thinking, adhere to the word "stability" as the priority, do our work on the principle of nip in the bud, lay the foundation for preventing major events, and look at cadres with the standard of daring to take responsibility for implementation, strictly guard against and resolutely crack down on all kinds of infiltration, subversion, violent terrorist activities, ethnic separatist activities, religious extreme activities and self-immolation to ensure the overall harmony and stability of society. Adhere to and develop the "Fengqiao experience" in the new era, deepen the selection of cadres stationed in villages and temples, urban grid management, and the creation of "advanced dual households", and further promote the transformation of social governance from "I want stability" to "I want stability".

　　Unswervingly promote economic and social development. Firmly establish a new development concept, solidly promote supply-side structural reform, implement the requirements of "six stabilities", deepen reform and open wider to the outside world, vigorously implement the strategy of rural revitalization and regional coordinated development, continue to fight three tough battles: preventing and resolving major risks, accurately lifting poverty, and preventing pollution, strengthen infrastructure construction, enlarge and strengthen industries with distinctive advantages, make overall plans to promote steady growth, promote reform, adjust structure, benefit people’s livelihood, and prevent risks. Intensify the efforts to prosper the border areas and enrich the people, speed up the pace of building a well-off village in the border areas, and encourage more people to take root in the snowy border areas like Gesanghua.

　　Unswervingly safeguard and improve people’s livelihood. Adhere to the people-centered development idea, firmly establish the orientation of people’s livelihood, insist that difficulties and troubles are solved by the government and convenience and benefits are given to the masses. All work is focused on improving people’s livelihood and rallying people’s hearts, effectively solving the most direct and realistic interests of the masses such as employment, education, medical care and social security, and constantly improving the sense of happiness and security of the people of all ethnic groups. Adhere to the basic strategy of precision poverty alleviation and precision poverty alleviation, implement differentiated poverty alleviation policies, continuously enhance the self-development ability of poverty-stricken areas, fully stimulate the endogenous motivation of poor people, closely focus on the remaining 19 deep poverty-stricken counties and 150,000 poor people, resolutely gnaw at the "hard bone" of poverty alleviation in deep poverty-stricken areas, and carefully plan the work measures after the completion of poverty alleviation targets and tasks to ensure that they do not return to poverty. Adhere to the development strategy of giving priority to employment and encourage more college graduates to find jobs in the mainland through the market.

　　Unswervingly implement the party’s ethnic and religious policies. Adhere to the system of regional ethnic autonomy and manage ethnic affairs according to law. In-depth education on national unity and progress and activities to create national unity and progress will be carried out, so as to further solidify the sense of community of the Chinese nation, so that Chinese culture will always be the emotional support, spiritual home and spiritual home of all ethnic groups in Xizang, and the idea that the cultures of all ethnic groups in Xizang are an inseparable part of Chinese culture is deeply rooted in the hearts of the masses. Adhere to mutual help, openness and tolerance, constantly improve supporting preferential policies, increase the introduction of large-scale breeding households, rich experts and breeding enterprises, attract mainland people with skills to form pairs with local people, and further promote exchanges and exchanges between ethnic groups. Adhere to the party’s basic policy of religious work, continue to work hard on "guidance", manage religious affairs according to law, educate and guide religious believers to treat religion rationally, live a happy life now, adhere to and form habits for a long time, and actively guide religion to adapt to socialist society.

　　Unswervingly strengthen the protection and construction of ecological environment. Firmly establish the concept that green mountains and green mountains, ice and snow are Jinshan Yinshan, vigorously implement land greening projects, continue to promote the action of eliminating "treeless households" where conditions permit, deepen the improvement of rural human settlements, accelerate the development of green economy, strictly observe the bottom line of ecological red line, and earnestly protect the last pure land in the world with a highly responsible attitude towards the people and future generations.

　　Unswervingly strengthen party building. Firmly establish that Xizang has a high altitude, but the decision-making and deployment standards of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core are higher, firmly establish that Xizang has special objective conditions, but there is no particularity in strictly administering the party and combating corruption and promoting honesty, and firmly establish Xizang’s idea of less oxygen and low pressure, but firm ideals and beliefs, and the implementation of the party’s discipline standards cannot be lowered, so as to promote the party’s construction to develop in depth. Highlight political construction and persist in arming our minds with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era. Strictly observe the discipline of the anti-secession struggle, and ensure that party member cadres always take a clear-cut stand, stand firm and act resolutely in the face of right and wrong. Strengthen ideals and beliefs, vigorously carry forward the "old Xizang spirit" and "two-way spirit", and interpret the actual actions of governing the border and stabilizing Tibet as the party’s loyalty, doing its duty for the country and doing its duty for the people. Adhere to the standard of 20 words for good cadres in the new period and the requirements of "three specialities" put forward by the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, intensify the selection of outstanding young cadres, and constantly optimize the structure of leading bodies and cadres at all levels. Pay close attention to the construction of grass-roots organizations, and build a strong fighting fortress that listens to and follows the party, is good at unity and development, can get rich and maintain stability, and works at critical moments, and constantly consolidate the grass-roots foundation. We will push forward the construction of work style with perseverance on the road forever, and further create a clean and upright political ecology in snowy Gao Yuanfeng.

1905 movie network news On December 3rd, the "One Point" national roadshow came to Wuhan, the third stop, and starred in the show, and came to the scene to meet and communicate with the audience and friends in Wuhan. "Burst Point" held a media meeting event. At the event, the creators shared the behind-the-scenes stories of the shooting, revealing that all the members inside and outside the movie were out of control, and the scale was wide open, triggering continuous screams at the scene. The creators also went to Wuhan Police Officer Vocational College together to meet and exchange with the students who will become police officers in the future. Director Lin Chaoxian, who has filmed many police and gangster films, expressed his admiration and worship for the sacred profession of police, and Zhang Jiahui, who had been a police officer for four years, felt more cordial. Although he has been away from the police force for many years, Zhang Jiahui is proud to be able to create a variety of police images in the film. In addition, Chan also shared that in order to better perform undercover police officers, he consulted a large number of anti-drug police information and drug cases, and lost weight in order to be closer to reality. At the same time, many students shared their viewing experiences, especially impressed by the police images portrayed by the actors in the film: "I haven’t seen such a movie for many years. The two anti-drug police portrayed by Jiahui Ge and Chan Weiting made me feel very immersed, which strengthened my determination to become a people’s police officer in the future!"

In addition, the movie "Burst Point" also released the MV of the film’s theme song "Big Husband". Zhang Jiahui and Chan Weiting sang together, "I have boundless perseverance, I will do my best to overcome difficulties and tests, and I vow to overcome thorns and thorns, and my heart will never fold down." Singing firmly as a police officer to protect social security and stability, the "drug lord" Han Yang (played) in the picture does everything evil, and in order to achieve his goal, he will not hesitate to set up a plan to besiege the police and cannot escape the fire. Officer Bang (Zhang Jiahui, played) and undercover police officer Jiang Ming (Chan Weiting, played) endured repeated blows to their bodies and minds, and still rushed to the front, vowing to fight drug crimes to the death, just as the lyrics sing: "The cold rain and wind have passed, and the personality is more glorious." The film is currently scheduled for release nationwide on December 8.

"Burst Point" Wuhan Roadshow Enters Campus "Movie Makes Me a Police Officer"　　

On December 3, the national roadshow of the movie "Burst Point" continued all the way, and the third stop went to Wuhan. Director Lin Chaoxian first shared the differences between "Burst Point" and his previous films: "This movie is an upgrade of my previous films, which is more cool, more burning and more enjoyable. All our creators worked hard for it." Chan Weiting shared that he searched the Internet every day for audience comments on "Burst Point". Many people said that Jiang Ming was the worst undercover in history, and Chan Weiting also laughed: "It was miserable to the extent of a third-level film! During the shooting process, I felt that I was challenging the eighteen layers of hell, and it was getting harder and harder to fight down layer by layer." Several actors also revealed the secret at the scene. There was basically no NG for filming "Burst Point", and every shooting required perfect cooperation and countless rehearsals. The hot scenes everyone saw on the screen were really fried and really fought, and every actor was afraid that there would be no chance to shoot the second one: "The" Burst Point "everyone saw today was formed after hundreds of rehearsals behind our backs."

"Bursting Point" also went to the Wuhan Police Vocational College. After the film, the main creators met with more than 100 students present. Many students who want to become people’s police officers in the future said: "The film has made me more determined to become a police officer and firmly believe in protecting the safety of the people." Zhang Jiahui, who has been a police officer for four years, first said excitedly: "Seeing that everyone is very kind, I want to say to every police officer, thank you for protecting the safety of ordinary people." A criminal investigation student shared: "The average number of anti-drug police sacrifices 362 a year. The average age of China’s anti-drug police is still 41 years old. They silently sacrifice their lives in places we can’t see." Bursting Point "allows more people to understand the difficulties and mission of the anti-drug police. Zhang Jiahui is very touched and calls on the whole society to say no to drugs! After watching the movie, many viewers thought that Chan’s undercover role was vivid and real. Chan Weiting said: "Before playing the undercover role, I checked a lot of information. Before filming, I was 76kg, and I found that it was very different from the real undercover, so I tried my best to lose weight for this role. I hope our film can let more people see how difficult it is to see the police." Regarding the role of Liang Luoshi’s desperate mother, a student of the Department of Justice Administration shared: "There is a new type of drug in the film. I will tell my relatives and friends around Amway a lot. I hope everyone can protect their friends, especially when they see female friends being violated. It is very sad."

"Burst Point" released the theme song "Man" MV Zhang Jiahui Chan Weiting sang hand in hand

The movie "Burst Point" also released the theme song "Big Husband" MV, which was jointly sung by Zhang Jiahui and Chan Weiting, "I have boundless perseverance, I will do my best to test the difficulties, I vow to overcome the thorns, and my heart will never give in." In the MV, the anti-drug police officers face the dual pressure of work and family, and at the same time have to take into account the safety of their partners, but also to maintain social order and fight drug crimes, and are attacked from multiple sides. And good brother, undercover Jiang Ming, also walks on the edge of black and white, tolerating and seeking perfection in front of drug dealers, doing his best to provide clues in front of colleagues, and is gradually forced to the brink of collapse. And the drug dealer Han Yang does everything evil, and even sets up a bureau to besiege the police in order to achieve his goal and cannot escape. But no matter how dangerous the road ahead is, the anti-drug police will always rush to the front, vowing to fight drug crimes to the death, as the lyrics sing: "Cold rain and strong wind, more glorious personality."

"A great husband has to go through a lifetime, and how many difficulties and trials are there in total. A great husband has to go through several times in his life, and he is disappointed and anxious." Under the vivid strokes of the famous lyricist, the anti-drug police who protect the safety of the city and the masses are not afraid of life and death, and the image of sticking to their mission leaps into life. Even after suffering and disappointment, they have to stand up like a "great husband", which is also the film’s tribute to all police officers through songs. As director Lin Chaoxian said, "Burst Point" and previous films were filmed with admiration and admiration for the police profession: "The more I understand the police, the more I find that everyone is dedicated and desperate to their profession. They are the guardians of safety in the city in different positions. They are not afraid of danger and give up a lot in exchange for our stable life. The police is really a great profession."

"Burst Point" is produced by Lin Chaoxian as the producer, story and general director, directed by Tang Weihan, starring Zhang Jiahui, Chan Weiting, Liang Luosi, starring Tan Junyan, starring, friendship performance, special guest appearance. It will be released nationwide on December 8.

1905 movie network news A few days ago, the hilarious love movie released the ultimate poster. In the poster, people sat on the rooftop and leaned against each other. Behind them, the comedy group appeared together. The polygraph master and the high-energy "fraud" teacher are about to join hands to dedicate scenes of high-energy hilarious reversal pictures. The film "Lie Detector" will officially land in the national cinema at 18: 00 on August 13th.

A lie detector can tell a lie in one second. Mary Tiantai barbecue continues.

The film "Lie Detector" tells the story that a professional fraudster who can only tell the truth and a "scum-detector" who is exposed to cyber violence will face the threat of criminal gangs and find each other’s inner answers in love and lies. In the ultimate poster exposed a few days ago, Mary is domineering and sitting with firm eyes. It seems that all liars can’t escape their own eyes. While the next article sits cross-legged on the chair, with his back against Mary, laughing on his back, and his happiness overflows on his face. The barbecue table in front of the two men braved sparks, and the beer bottles and aquatic plants behind them were full of life, and suspense was laid in addition to joy. Why did the two people who were opposed to each other get along so harmoniously? This also makes the audience full of expectations for the official release of the film.

In the background behind them, the lies that can be seen everywhere in their feelings reveal the falsehood and disguise in love in one fell swoop, vividly showing the game posture of scum male love rat in their feelings. On the poster, the twelve characters of "lie detector, see through lies, and hit the face professionally" are in sharp contrast with the lies all over the wall, showing the determination and indomitable courage of the lie detector to specialize in treating unscrupulous hunters. Bravely puncture the false love and directly hit the emotional pain points of contemporary men and women. On this Tanabata, there is no "lie" in love.

The comedy group is funny and full of joy. Romantic Tanabata invites you to the polygraph bureau.

Behind Mary’s article, the comedy group appeared funny, and the "Best Lady" looked suspicious and seemed to be ready to make a surprise; "Grandpa Jigong" has a righteous face and a robe, and it is difficult to guess what he thinks in his mind; Liang Chao, the golden supporting actor, has a wry smile. It is foreseeable that this social elder brother will shake out a lot of coquettish operations and become the funniest villain. The "big face" in foreign countries looks like a fool, and the temperament of a stupid apprentice is full; Tian Hao continues the image of a small person who has always been embarrassed, with a confused face and anxious scratching his head. There is a trace of humor and joy behind the identity of a good man.

The main characters on the poster have different emotional tensions, and the humorous temperament of the film is full, which makes people more curious about this story around "lie detection". The comedy group of all the staff gathered together, and the comedy forces of different styles gathered together, which is bound to set off a wave of joy that will explode in summer. On August 13th, Truth or Dare, Tanabata invited you to the polygraph bureau.

In the face of the epidemic, public hospitals acted on the news and made every effort to fight, providing a strong guarantee for the majority of patients and assuming the responsibility of "pillar". In just two or three months, the vast majority of provinces have achieved "double clearing" of confirmed cases and new cases, and more than 70,000 patients have been cured and discharged. The Wuhan Defence War and Hubei Defence War have achieved decisive results, which is a true portrayal of public hospitals’ practice of the oath of "being healthy and trusting each other’s lives" and a concentrated expression of public hospitals’ role as the main force in fighting the epidemic.

"Central command, unity is strength, one party is in trouble, and all directions come to help. Regardless of remuneration, regardless of life and death, charge ahead, gallop a thousand miles … "This is a passage on the anti-epidemic commemorative certificate of a member of the Hubei medical team, which shows the vivid scene of public hospitals in the country helping each other to fight the epidemic. In the face of the epidemic, 346 medical teams and more than 42,000 medical staff from all over the country rushed to Hubei. The top academician team in China fought for the front line, and nearly 1/10 of the backbone of critical care medicine in the country took the lead …

Emergency rescue, courage to shoulder heavy burdens

"Public hospitals must take the initiative"

"Post: East Zone, 6th Floor, Building C, tongji hospital Sino-French New Town Campus; No: 20200207 … "After more than two months of ward work, Zhao Peiyu, head of the nursing team of the medical team of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, received a special tongji hospital work permit.

The post is the ward taken over by the medical team members; The serial number is the arrival time of each team member. In this way, tongji hospital thanked the "Retrograde Soldiers" and commemorated the years when they fought side by side.

When the country is in trouble, the call will come. Feelings of home and country are the cultural genes of public hospitals. As the main body of China’s medical service system, public hospitals respond to orders and do their best to provide strong protection for the majority of patients.

At the end of January, it was hard to find a bed in the designated hospitals in Wuhan. Tongji hospital, Wuhan, took the initiative to transform two new hospitals with about 2,000 beds, namely, Sino-French New Town and Optics Valley, into designated hospitals, opening up a new battlefield for treating critically ill patients. Wang Wei, president of Wuhan tongji hospital, said, "At this time, public hospitals must take the initiative.".

Subsequently, the national anti-epidemic medical team composed of public hospitals such as Beijing Hospital, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University People’s Hospital and Peking University Third Hospital rushed to Wuhan and entered the Sino-French new city campus.

This is a life-defending battle to raise the strength of the whole country and collect high-quality medical resources. Groups of medical team members rushed to Wuhan, to the front line of the epidemic and to the most dangerous places. At present, public hospitals have become "Depth Charge". It generally takes no more than two hours for local medical teams to be informed and completed, and no more than 24 hours from assembly to arrival.

Pulmonary hospital!’ "The Tenth People’s Hospital!" "Huashan Hospital!" ….. Since New Year’s Eve, the waiting halls of airports in Shanghai, Guangzhou and other places have echoed with such a "point soldier" sound.

In addition to Wuhan, medical teams and materials from 19 provinces have also come one after another to support Hubei: Huanggang-Shandong and Hunan are coming! Jingmen-Zhejiang and Inner Mongolia are coming! Xiangyang-Liaoning and Ningxia are coming … In this rescue to Hubei, 21 provinces sent more than 1,000 medical personnel, including more than 2,000 in Jiangsu, Guangdong and Liaoning provinces.

A team of Chinese medicine experts led by three academicians, Zhang Boli, Huang Luqi and Tong Xiaolin, and five groups of national Chinese medicine medical teams rushed to Wuhan, and the whole system took over eight wards of three hospitals, including Thunder God Mountain hospital, Jinyintan Hospital and Hubei Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, and took over Jiangxia Fangcang Hospital in an all-round way. Nearly 5,000 people from the Chinese medicine system rushed to Hubei.

"Get a bald head and cut your hair!" "I have been to Wenchuan, and I have to go this time." "I have participated in the fight against SARS, and I will go this time." … touching scenes, the most beautiful retrograde pictures, reflect the kindness of doctors who have boundless love.

When I came, it was snowy and snowy, and I went back to spring. On April 15th, the last batch of medical teams of Peking Union Medical College Hospital was evacuated, which marked that more than 340 medical teams supporting Hubei all left Han and Hubei.

Epidemic prevention and control is a battlefield without smoke, and it is also an examination room to test the initial mission of medical staff. Public hospitals did not bear the great trust and successfully completed various rescue tasks.

Life first, full treatment

"Use everything you can."

Not long ago, the rescue video of a critically ill patient from COVID-19 in Wuhan exploded on the Internet. The sonorous oath of the medical staff who clenched their fists and encouraged them poked the tears of many netizens. After 25 days of ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) and 50 days of ventilator, the medical staff in four provinces relayed treatment for more than two months, and finally the patient turned the corner.

Zhang Zongjiu, a member of the rescue team of the Central Guidance Group and director of the National Health Commission Medical Administration and Hospital Authority, said that if the patient has been deprived of oxygen for a long time and still can’t reach the oxygen saturation after being put on the ventilator, he will die of organ failure. ECMO can provide long-term cardiopulmonary support for patients with severe cardiopulmonary failure and win valuable time for rescue.

ECMO is known as the "lifesaver" of ICU, with a global stock of only a thousand units. In order to make the critically ill patients in Hubei and Wuhan use it as much as possible, the Material Support Group of the Central Guidance Group clarified the principle of recruitment and adjustment: there is only one ECMO hospital, and no more recruitment and adjustment; Hospitals with more than one ECMO can be recruited on the premise of ensuring the treatment needs of critically ill patients such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

"The country is in trouble, and we must top it." Liu Xiaojun, director of ICU Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, said. After sending a medical team, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University took out five brand-new equipment that had just been purchased and had not been put into use, and quickly packed them and sent them to Wuhan, becoming the hospital with the largest number of ECMO support in the two batches of recruitment operations.

"The overall success rate of using ECMO in Wuhan is 60%, and the success rate of several key hospitals is as high as 80%, which is a medical miracle." Zhang Zongjiu said.

"Use all the methods that can be used." This is the commitment of Peking Union Medical College Hospital to the treatment of severe patients in COVID-19. Zhang Shuyang, leader of the medical team of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, said: "We are here to fight, and we must do our best on the battlefield!" Ward rounds, treatment, discussion on difficult and critical cases and deaths … They shuttled through the ICU ward, commanded the "red zone" battle, and staged "Life and Death Speed" almost every day.

It is the consensus of public hospitals at all levels to maximize the cure rate and reduce the death rate. As long as there is a need for rescue, any medicine and equipment should be guaranteed in place as far as possible; As long as patients can be treated, any treatment will be arranged. In Wuhan, the overall cure rate is 94% from the elderly aged 108 to the infants born only 30 hours, and the success rate of treatment for the elderly over 80 years old is nearly 70%.

On April 26th, COVID-19 patients in Wuhan hospital were cleared. At present, the spread of local epidemic in China has been basically blocked, and the order of production and life has been restored. William Hinton, vice president of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, said that large public hospitals have played a key role in reducing the mortality rate and improving the cure rate, which is also a concrete manifestation of China’s national system and institutional advantages.

Expert team joint consultation

"Concentrate high-quality medical resources to treat critically ill patients"

On May 5th, in a special isolation ward of Wuhan University People’s Hospital, a 65-year-old end-stage patient of COVID-19 underwent bilateral lung transplantation for 14 days. He is the first recipient of end-stage lung transplantation for COVID-19-negative patients, and the longest organ transplant recipient who used ECMO before lung transplantation in the world.

Lung transplantation for COVID-19 patients is a global innovative operation. Chen Jingyu, vice president of Wuxi People’s Hospital and director of thoracic surgery department of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, said: "We are all faced with endangered patients who have been carefully treated by experts. In this last stick, we have condensed the efforts of top experts in critical care medicine, respiratory medicine and lung transplantation in China."

During the epidemic period, the national medical teams that took over the intensive care units all came from the National Medical Center, the National Regional Medical Center and the regional medical centers in various provinces, which showed the achievements of building a high-level public hospital team. In the tongji hospital Sino-French New Town Campus, six medical teams are personally headed by the Party Secretary or Dean, leading elite teams to formulate medical treatment plans according to "one person, one case", which greatly improves the scientificity and accuracy of treatment.

As a national respiratory disease clinical research center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital sent a whole medical team and took out complete critical care instruments and equipment to Hubei to undertake the task of treating severe patients in C6 East Ward of tongji hospital Sino-French New Town Campus. Zhou Jun, secretary of the Party Committee of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, said: "We use good steel in the cutting edge and concentrate high-quality medical resources to treat critically ill patients."

"This is a joint consultation that has never been seen in the history of Beijing Medical University." Jiang Baoguo, president of Peking University People’s Hospital, said that at 4 o’clock every afternoon, the treatment teams of the three affiliated hospitals of Beijing Medical University looked at the disease information outside the ward and conducted expert consultation on severe cases.

A 20-member expert group, known as the "ballast stone" against the epidemic, stayed in Wuhan to undertake consultations, rounds and discussions on difficult cases. They were evacuated from Wuhan only after the severe cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan were cleared.

It is a "bright spot" for Chinese and western medicine to join hands to fight the epidemic. In critically ill patients, the proportion of patients treated with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine is over 90%. According to statistics, the treatment of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine has effectively reduced the mortality rate, and the mortality rate of confirmed cases in Wuhan has dropped to 1.5%.

To win the epidemic prevention and control war, public hospitals lived up to their mission and handed over a remarkable "anti-epidemic answer sheet" with practical actions. (Reporter Bai Jianfeng, Wang Junping)

CCTV News:National Medical Products Administration website reported on November 14th that recently, National Medical Products Administration Drug Administration Center issued the "Guiding Principles for Clinical Research and Development of bispecific antibody Antitumor Drugs", which pointed out that Bispecific Antibody (BsAb) is an artificial antibody prepared by cell fusion, recombinant DNA, protein engineering and other technologies, which can specifically bind two antigens or two different epitopes of the same antigen at the same time or successively. According to the Guiding Principles, BsAb is different from the single targeting of monoclonal antibodies, and it can play a special biological function such as stimulating directed immune response by combining different epitopes, solve the treatment problems that monoclonal antibodies can’t solve, and bring patients clinical benefits that monoclonal antibodies don’t have. Therefore, in the process of clinical research and development, in addition to following the general research and development rules of anti-tumor drugs, we should also pay attention to clinical value-oriented, based on structural and mechanism characteristics, reasonably determine the research and development topics, and deeply explore, analyze and clarify the clinical advantages of BsAb during the research and development process.