分类： sdsadas

　　In the oil-tea base of Sanjianqiao Village, Baishi Town, Tianzhu County, Guizhou Province, oil-tea experts are measuring production. Photo by Jin Kewen (Zhongjing Vision)

　　Villagers rummaged through Camellia oleifera fruit in Guizhou Hengshengyuan Company. Photo by Jin Kewen (Zhongjing Vision)

　　Tianzhu County is the core area for the development of Camellia oleifera industry in Guizhou Province. Camellia oleifera is regarded as the leading industry for poverty alleviation and rural revitalization in the county. Camellia oleifera Office is established, scientific and technological enterprises are introduced, excellent Camellia oleifera varieties are cultivated, and seedling breeding bases and industrial demonstration parks are established, so that the output of Camellia oleifera is greatly improved and the products of Camellia oleifera are more diversified. By accurately docking the market, the sales channels of camellia oleifera products in Tianzhu County are smooth, and camellia oleifera has become a pillar industry for people to get rid of poverty and increase income.

　　In the warm sunshine of early winter, more than 40 villagers, such as Yang Hanliang and Yang Tengze, from Qizhai Village, Lantian Town, Tianzhu County, Guizhou Province, carried bags and went to the slopes of Xiaochongyin and Chonggunpo in Qizhai to pick camellia oleifera fruit. In just over 20 days, 200,000 Jin of camellia oleifera fruit was harvested and returned to the warehouse.

　　Camellia oleifera yield increased

　　"Our camellia oleifera is very scientific from seedling selection to management, so despite the bad weather conditions this year, it has achieved a bumper harvest." Yang Tengze said that under the guidance of Yuan Changxuan, a county expert in camellia oleifera technology, their camellia oleifera was planted on the hillside between 330 meters and 450 meters above sea level, and the soil was yellow and red, which was very suitable for planting camellia oleifera. They chose the right seedlings, and the planted camellia seedlings were Xianglin No.1, No.27, No.97 and No.201 cultivated in the county. These young seedlings grew rapidly, had strong disease resistance and high fruit-bearing rate. They manage scientifically and implement 24-word technical measures of "topping and controlling height, dwarfing and layering, pulling branches and expanding crowns, regulating branch direction, topping and controlling crowns, and cultivating branch groups". The trees are densely spaced, and the branches outside the crowns do not cross each other and receive good light. Their fertilization time is accurate. In the first year, from April to June, furrowing fertilization was carried out with knife stroke, from September to November, holes were expanded to loosen the soil for cultivation, and the open space was cut, irrigated and weeded, and the holes were expanded to loosen the soil and reclaim the trees, all of which were applied with organic fertilizer.

　　Eight people including Yang Tengze, Yang Hanliang and Yang Qihai planted more than 560 mu of camellia oleifera in 2011, with 65,000 camellia oleifera plants. In 2015, these camellia oleifera trees began to bear fruit, which broke the worry that many people had to plant camellia oleifera for seven or eight years to bear fruit. In that year, they harvested 10,000 kilograms of camellia oleifera fruit. In 2017, despite the drought, they harvested 140,000 Jin of camellia oleifera fruit; In the long-term rain in 2018, they harvested 180,000 Jin of camellia oleifera fruit; It was rainy in April and May this year and dry in June, July and August, but they still harvested more than 200,000 Jin of camellia oleifera. At the same time, 50 villagers in this village and neighboring villages will be employed every year, and the per capita annual income will increase by more than 3,000 yuan.

　　In the demonstration base of Sanjianqiao Camellia oleifera forest in Baishi town, this year’s harvest season is extremely lively. The mode of "cooperative+base+farmer" is adopted here, and the content of scientific and technological planting is improved, and the oil tea trees Baishi No.4, Xianglin No.1, Xianglin No.16, Xianglin No.27 and Xianglin No.201 are planted. Since 320 mu of Camellia oleifera began to bear fruit in 2015, the output has increased year after year. In 2019, the output of Camellia oleifera fruit was more than 210,000 kilograms. Villager Yang Ping relies on Camellia oleifera forest land to breed ecological chickens. In 2019, there were more than 10,000 ecological chickens under the forest, with an annual income of more than 800,000 yuan. He also led 42 villagers to plant camellia oleifera and raise chickens under camellia oleifera forest to get rid of poverty and get rich.

　　Product diversification

　　In Tianzhu Lianshan Immigrant New Area, Guizhou Hengshengyuan 10,000-ton Camellia oleifera fruit processing factory, on rainy days, more than 100 ex situ poverty alleviation relocated households collect Camellia oleifera seeds in underground warehouses; On sunny days, they sort Camellia oleifera seeds in the open-air threshing ground, earning more than 100 yuan per person per day. Behind solving a large number of jobs, it is inseparable from the oil tea processing enterprise Hengshengyuan Company to turn scientific research oil tea into a source of wealth.

　　Guizhou Hengshengyuan Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. settled in Tianzhu in December 2013, which is a comprehensive joint-stock enterprise integrating cultivation, planting, intensive processing and sales of improved camellia oleifera seeds. "Our company is not satisfied with the traditional method of squeezing crude oil, nor is it satisfied with only processing edible oil." Chen Lianshan, head of the office of Hengshengyuan Company, said that in recent years, the company introduced scientific research talents and advanced equipment, developed products such as camellia oil, camellia oil essential oil and camellia seed shampoo by physical cold pressing technology, and stepped up research and development of biological herbicides for camellia shells, which was favored by the market. The 10,000-ton Camellia oleifera fruit processing project started construction in 2018 and was completed and put into operation in November 2019. It can process 18,000 tons of Camellia oleifera fruit annually, producing 1,500 tons of camellia oil and 1.2 million bottles of essential oil. The company bought a large number of Camellia oleifera fruits from Camellia oleifera growers in the county, which solved the sales problem and benefited more than 30 thousand people.

　　In the Camellia oleifera processing factory of Guizhou Yongxing Technology Development Company, the workers control the machine, and the Camellia oleifera fruit is dried, sorted, pressed and produced in one go.

　　In order to solve the problem that tea seeds are mildewed due to insufficient drying heat during the harvesting period of camellia oleifera, Yongxing Technology Company added a "hot air explosion" camellia oleifera seed shell separation production line in 2019, which can process 18 tons of fresh camellia oleifera every day, changing the inefficient production status that the drying and cracking of camellia oleifera depend on the sky and the seed selection depends on people. At present, the company’s "hot air explosion pu" camellia seed shell separation production line implements three shifts, with 18 fixed employees and a per capita monthly income of more than 3,000 yuan. The company bought 2,400 tons of fresh fruit of Camellia oleifera, which not only solved the problem of selling fruit for Camellia oleifera growers in this county, but also solved the problem of selling fruit for Camellia oleifera growers in surrounding counties such as Sansui and Cengong. At present, the company squeezes 3,000 tons of crude oil, 500 tons of refined oil and 1 ton of tea oil cosmetic oil per day.

　　Smooth sales channels

　　Tianzhu vigorously promoted Camellia oleifera products through the media at all levels of the central government, provinces and States, and the popularity of Camellia oleifera products increased year by year. Relying on agricultural supermarket docking, agricultural school docking, agricultural enterprise docking and other ways to improve the share of Camellia oleifera products in the national market. Take advantage of the cooperation between the east and the west in poverty alleviation and the opportunity of "Guizhou goods coming out of the mountain" to sign an order contract. Develop agricultural products e-commerce, Wechat business and other cloud service sales platforms to promote the export of Camellia oleifera. At present, Tianzhu’s camellia products are in short supply.

　　Camellia oleifera has become a pillar industry for people in Tianzhu County to get rid of poverty and increase income. "Tianzhu County is the core area for the development of Camellia oleifera industry in Guizhou Province. The county regards Camellia oleifera as the leading industry to help poverty alleviation and rural revitalization." Yuan Changxuan said that Tianzhu County Camellia Office was established in 2010, and three excellent clones of Camellia oleifera, such as Baishi No.4, were selected as the first to pass the provincial forest seed identification, creating a breeding base for thousands of seedlings, creating Tianzhu County Camellia oleifera Industry Demonstration Park and Qifeng Camellia Oleifera Ecological Park, and registering the trademarks of Sanxingyan, Plateau Star, Yimin and Guizhou Red Camellia Oleifera. "One County, One Industry" Camellia oleifera free range chicken "Feng 99" won the gold medal in the 11th International Forest Expo. "Tianzhu Tea Oil" was registered and protected by the national geographical indications of agricultural products in September 2019. Tianzhu has been identified as a key county for the development of Camellia oleifera, a national demonstration base for Camellia oleifera science and technology, and a demonstration county for economic forest base in Guizhou Province.

　　At present, Tianzhu Camellia oleifera has a total area of 300,000 mu and can produce more than 8,900 tons of tea seeds, which has driven 156,000 people to increase their income.

Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China presided over the the State Council executive meeting on March 31, and decided to issue a batch of local government special debt quotas in advance to promote the expansion of effective investment; Deploy and strengthen financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises; It is required to increase the relevant subsidy policies for difficult groups.

The meeting pointed out that it is very important to strengthen the protection of low-income groups, especially those in difficulty. The meeting demanded that from March to June, the price temporary subsidy standard of the linkage mechanism between social assistance and security standards and price increases should be doubled, and orphans and eligible insured unemployed people should be included in the policy scope.

The reporter of national business daily noted that according to the above linkage mechanism, if the food price in the consumer price index rises by 6% year-on-year, temporary price subsidies can be started.

And then issue special debts of a certain scale in advance.

The meeting pointed out that it is necessary to further increase the scale of local government special bonds and expand effective investment to make up for shortcomings. On the basis that a part of this year’s special debt limit has been issued in the early stage, we should pay close attention to issuing a certain scale of local government special debt in advance according to procedures, and in accordance with the principle of "funds follow projects", give preferential treatment to areas with many key projects, low risk levels and large effective investment, and speed up the construction of major projects and major livelihood projects. All localities should pay close attention to the issuance of special bonds issued in advance and strive to complete the issuance in the second quarter.

In March this year, the Ministry of Finance announced that as of March 20, 1,407.9 billion yuan of new local government bonds had been issued across the country, accounting for 76% of the quota issued in advance; Among them, 384.6 billion yuan of general bonds were issued, accounting for 69% of the quota issued in advance, and 1,023.3 billion yuan of special bonds were issued, accounting for 79% of the quota issued in advance.

According to the Ministry of Finance, authorized by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) and decided by the State Council, the new local government debt limit of 1,848 billion yuan in 2020 has been issued ahead of schedule, including 558 billion yuan for general bonds and 1,290 billion yuan for special bonds.

As of March 20, the issuance scale of new local government bonds nationwide increased by 55% year-on-year. Nine regions including Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Ningbo, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan and Yunnan have all completed the issuance of new local government debt limits in advance.

Meanwhile, on March 30th this year, the 17th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress of Henan Province heard a report on the provincial budget adjustment plan (draft) in 2020. The report shows that in 2020, the Ministry of Finance issued 26.9 billion yuan of new general bonds and 51.9 billion yuan of the first batch of new special bonds in Henan Province in advance, which were included in the budget at the beginning of the year and reviewed and approved by the Third Session of the 13th Provincial People’s Congress. After the provincial people’s congress, the Ministry of Finance approved and issued the second batch of new special bonds of 6.8 billion yuan in 2020.

Raise the price of temporary subsidies.

The meeting pointed out that it is very important to increase protection for low-income groups, especially those in difficulty. The meeting decided that, first, from March to June, the monthly price temporary subsidy standard of the linkage mechanism linking social assistance and security standards with price increases will be doubled, and orphans, children who are actually left unattended and eligible insured unemployed people will be included in the policy scope. The increased subsidy funds are subsidized by the central government in proportion and charged to the unemployment insurance fund. The above policies cover more than 67 million people.

Second, the people in difficulty affected by the epidemic will be included in the scope of policy guarantee and employment assistance such as subsistence allowances, support for extremely poor people and temporary assistance. Ensure the payment of unemployment insurance benefits for urban unemployed people and temporary living allowances for migrant workers. Pay close attention to studying the policy of raising the standard and expanding the scope of unemployment security.

The reporter of national business daily noted that in August 2016, the National Development and Reform Commission and other five departments issued the Notice on Further Improving the Linkage Mechanism between Social Assistance and Security Standards and Price Rising, which clearly stated that the linkage mechanism would be started if any of the following conditions were met: (1) The consumer price index (CPI) rose by 3.5% year-on-year. Where SCPI is adopted, it can continue to be used, and the critical value can be set reasonably with reference to the 3.5% year-on-year increase of CPI. (2) The price of food in CPI rose by 6% year-on-year.

The above notice requires that all localities can reduce the starting conditions in light of the actual situation, but in principle, the starting conditions shall not be improved.

In fact, in 2019, there were many temporary price subsidies. In April and May of 2019, the food price indicators in Chongqing CPI all reached the starting conditions of the linkage mechanism. With the consent of the municipal government, the Municipal Development and Reform Commission and the relevant departments of civil affairs issued a notice, according to 18 yuan per person in the city and 15 yuan per person in the countryside in April; In May, the standard of 24 yuan per person in cities and 18 yuan per person in rural areas provided price subsidies to the needy people in urban and rural areas.

In September 2019, in response to the rising pork prices, Xuzhou launched a linkage mechanism linking social assistance and security standards with rising prices, and distributed a "one-time pork price subsidy during Mid-Autumn Festival and National Day" to urban poor groups, each with 100 yuan. (Reporter Li Biao)

　

　　Now you have more reason to pay attention to your waistline. A man’s weight seems to affect the activity of his sperm genes, which may be passed on to his children.

　　"Our results show that the environment will lead to changes in sperm cells, which may reflect the mechanism that obesity can be passed on to the next generation." Romain Barrès of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark said. He also believes that his findings may make some prospective parents seriously consider changing their behavior before pregnancy. We already know that children’s weight seems to have a great correlation with their parents. So far, many studies on the genetic mechanism of obesity mainly focus on mothers and their pre-pregnancy eating habits. But this new discovery shows that the father’s health is also very important.

　　After comparing the sperm of 13 thinner men and 10 moderately obese men, Barrès and his research team found that there was a significant difference in the epigenome of the sperm of the subjects (epigenome is a modified marker on DNA, which can affect gene activity). "We found that the epigenetic markers of about 9,000 genes in the sperm of obese men have changed." Barrès said.

　　"Now this result provides us with more evidence that our figure depends not only on our mother’s eating habits, but also on our father’s eating habits," said Susan Ozanne of Cambridge University.

　　In the past, it was thought that epigenetic changes would not be passed on from generation to generation, because the pattern of DNA methylation (an epigenetic change that makes gene activity lower) would be eliminated after fertilization.

　　However, a study earlier this year found that some genes seem to be able to escape this clearance. Moreover, there is evidence that short RNA fragments that determine which genes are methylated can be transmitted through sperm. Barrès’s research found that the level of some short-chain RNA in obese male sperm is relatively high, and the target of one RNA fragment is CART gene, a gene that controls appetite.

　　"We haven’t studied the transfer of these epigenetic modifications to future generations, but we are starting to do so," Barrès said. "We suspect that several epigenetic markers play a role at the same time after fertilization, which changes the procedure of embryo development.

　　But these epigenetic changes are not permanent. Barrès’s team analyzed the sperm epigenetic genomes of six obese men, all of whom underwent bariatric surgery to help them lose weight. It was found that after only one week, the methylation of 1,500 genes changed. A year later, the methylation of about 4000 genes changed.

　　But among them, only 2700 genes were identified by previous studies, and most of these genes did not match the pattern found in the thinner male group this time.

　　"I can only say that the change of epigenetic pattern caused by surgery can compensate obese patients to some extent," said Isabelle Mansuy of the University of Zurich.

　　But without comparison, we can’t rule out that this apparent heritage difference is due to the time span between the two tests, Barrès said.

With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the phenomenon of "garbage besieged city" is becoming more and more serious. About a quarter of cities in China have no landfill sites, and the accumulated land occupied by urban garbage dumps in China exceeds 500 million square meters, resulting in an annual economic loss of up to 30 billion yuan. Although burning garbage partially solves the problems of land occupation and groundwater pollution, it is not conducive to solving the atmospheric problem of frequent smog in China. China urgently needs to improve urban garbage disposal and actively deal with climate change and energy shortage. Germany is recognized as one of the countries with the earliest development of circular economy and the most experience in garbage disposal in the world. Learning from its relevant experience will help to improve the problems existing in garbage disposal in China.

Legal basis and management organization of garbage disposal in Germany

There are many laws and regulations on garbage management in Germany, involving various aspects and specific technical details. The Waste Disposal Law was first promulgated in 1972, while the Law on Circular Economy and Garbage Management in 1996 has a wide influence in the world, and it also started the circular economy in Germany. It is a programmatic regulation for developing circular economy and garbage disposal in Germany. The law defines some principles in garbage disposal, such as the polluter pays principle; Garbage is also a kind of resource, which can only be discarded when it can not be recycled under the conditions of existing technology. The scope of garbage disposal includes waste oil, packaging waste, batteries, scrapped cars and electronic waste. This regulation is supplemented by several more detailed regulations, such as Biological Waste Regulation, Landfill Regulation and Sludge Disposal Regulation.

Another significant thing is the "Regulations on Packaging Waste" implemented in 1991, which stipulates that the general "polluter pays" principle in environmental economics is extended to the field of production and consumption, that is, the producers and sellers of commodities are responsible for the recycling of their product packaging. This principle not only solves the problem of recycling and disposal of consumer waste, but more importantly, it encourages manufacturers to reduce waste at the source, such as improving technology to save the amount of raw materials, using recycled materials or simplifying product packaging. Today, this principle has been extended to many countries in Europe. In addition to the above-mentioned important laws and regulations, Germany has also promulgated wheelie bins Regulations, Scrap Cars Regulations, E-waste Regulations, Battery Regulations, etc., which are detailed to different types of waste and specific technical levels.

The highest management institution of German garbage disposal is the German Ministry of Environmental Protection and the professional agency Federal Environmental Protection Agency, which is mainly responsible for promulgating laws and state cooperation. The state environmental departments or regional organs and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce are senior management organs, mainly responsible for the implementation of relevant laws and regulations; There are also county and city management organs, which belong to lower management organs and are responsible for the whole process of garbage collection, transportation and disposal.

Organization and operation of garbage disposal in Germany

Based on the principle of extended production responsibility system, producers are responsible for the garbage they produce in the whole life cycle, but for many smaller producers and sellers, it is a big burden to establish their own recycling system. In view of this, in 1990, with the support of the German Federation of Industries and the German Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 95 companies in the retail, consumer goods and packaging industries spontaneously established the Green Point Company. The company is a private joint-stock enterprise, and it is non-profit. Green Point Company mainly aims at packaging garbage. By establishing a binary recycling system, on the one hand, manufacturers and sellers will be responsible for packaging recycling of their products, and on the other hand, their costs will be reduced. In this system, manufacturers and sellers pay Green Point Company to collect packaging garbage on their behalf, and Green Point Company then entrusts garbage recycling and utilization company to carry out follow-up work. The rate charged by Green Point Company to the manufacturer is often related to the environmental protection degree of the product packaging. The lower the environmental protection degree of the packaging, the higher the rate. Thus, Green Point Company has played a coordinating and organizing role in the whole system. Once the manufacturer entrusts the Green Point Company to engage in the garbage collection function on its behalf, they can attach the logo of the Green Point Company, that is, an arc-shaped green arrow, to the packaging of their products. Today, more than 90% of the products in Germany have the logo of Green Dot Company, and the model of Green Dot Company has been gradually extended to other European countries.

Classification and recovery of garbage disposal in Germany

The classification and recycling of garbage in Germany is very careful, so it is especially beneficial to the recycling and treatment of garbage. Generally speaking, all garbage can be divided into waste paper, light packaging, glass, clothes and shoes, biological garbage and residual garbage. The garbage put into the waste paper bucket (blue bucket) mainly includes newspapers, magazines, cardboard, toilet paper, etc. Leftover meals, peels, egg shells, fallen leaves, etc. are put into the biological trash can (brown bucket); Residual trash can (black bucket) is used to place other garbage that is not clearly classified, such as stockings, light bulbs, garbage cleaning, ballpoint pens, band-AIDS, broken toys, diapers, cigarette butts, etc. Plastic, aluminum, beverage cans, tin sheets, beverage boxes, yogurt cups, etc. are put into light packaging barrels (yellow barrels). In some cities, households put the packaging garbage into yellow garbage bags, and garbage trucks will take it away at a fixed time. The design of garbage trucks in Germany is also very user-friendly. Cleaning workers can automatically dump large boxes of garbage into the garbage trucks just by docking the garbage cans with the garbage trucks, saving manpower and time for garbage collection. For glass bottles, people need to throw them directly into special waste glass recycling bins on the street. Usually, such devices can be found near various communities, and glass bottles can be put into recycling bins according to three colors: white (transparent), green and brown. Similar to waste glass garbage, old clothes and shoes also have special collection points, but clothes need to be cleaned and wrapped before they are put into the garbage bin. After more than ten years of development, Germans have become accustomed to garbage sorting.

Enlightenment of German Experience to China

Comprehensively improve the laws and regulations on garbage management. Governments at all levels should formulate feasible laws and regulations, and strictly supervise them, especially the details of implementation, such as the requirements for garbage classification and recycling and how to classify them.

Actively adopt economic means to solve the problem of garbage sorting and recycling. Although China has carried out the pilot work of garbage sorting and recycling in many cities for a long time, the results are often a mere formality. The recyclable and non-recyclable garbage bins all over the streets do not play a classification role, and people do not make any distinction when throwing away garbage. In this regard, we can adopt the garbage charging system and the deposit refund system. Data and research in developed countries have shown that these economic means have remarkable effects on waste reduction and classified recycling. In Germany, the charge for residual garbage is often higher than other types of garbage, which encourages people to classify garbage more carefully.

Vigorously publicize the knowledge of garbage classification and promote the cultivation of people’s awareness of saving. Garbage classification is a meticulous and tedious work, which requires regular publicity and education activities with rich contents and various forms. On the other hand, guide the public to pursue a minimalist lifestyle and carry forward the fine tradition of thrift.

(Yang Ling, author: Xi ‘an Jiaotong University)