上海花千坊爱上海

　　In 2018, China’s automobile production and sales reached 27.809 million and 28.081 million respectively, ranking first in the world for 10 consecutive years. Faced with such a huge production and sales volume, from June 1 this year, the Measures for the Administration of Recycling Scrap Motor Vehicles (hereinafter referred to as the Measures for the Administration of Recycling) will be officially implemented.

　　According to the new regulations, where will consumers’ old "cars" go, and what impact will this bring to the automobile recycling and dismantling industry? How to "turn waste into treasure" of scrapped cars, realize maximum resource utilization and avoid environmental pollution?

　　The climax of automobile scrapping in China is coming soon.

　　According to the data of the Ministry of Commerce, in 2018, the number of motor vehicles recycled in China was 1.991 million, a year-on-year increase of 14.3%. According to vehicle types, the number of buses recovered was 1.184 million, up 10.5% year-on-year; 381,000 trucks, up 16.4% year-on-year; There were 42,000 trailers, a year-on-year increase of 44%. Among them, the growth rate of trucks and trailers is obvious, mainly because many local governments in China have formulated the target of early elimination and renewal of operating diesel trucks and the implementation plan of subsidies, with the maximum subsidy reaching 100,000 yuan.

　　"Although the number of scrapped cars in China has continued to grow in the past two years, in fact, the climax of scrapped cars in China has not yet arrived." Professor Du Huanzheng, director of the Institute of Circular Economy of Tongji University, said in an exclusive interview with the reporter of Science and Technology Daily that at present, the used car market in China is relatively hot, most of which are used cars eliminated from big cities, and they have not entered the dismantling market when they are sold to small and medium-sized cities.

　　By 2018, there are nearly 730 qualified enterprises for recycling and dismantling scrapped vehicles in China, with more than 2,300 recycling outlets, covering more than 80% of cities and counties in China. Because it is "sold by the catty" as scrap metal, the value of a scrapped car is no more than that of 1000 yuan — 2000 yuan

　　Du Huanzheng said that in 2001, in the "Management Measures for Scrap Vehicle Maneuvering" issued by the State Council, the scrap vehicle recycling industry was recognized as a "special industry", and almost every city above prefecture level had scrap vehicle dismantling points. Because the number of scrap vehicles was less than expected, large-scale dismantling could not be formed. In order to reduce the cost, most scrap points are dismantled manually in the open air, which is inefficient and easy to produce secondary pollution.

　　According to statistics, at present, China’s automobile scrapping and dismantling rate is still low, and the average scrapping rate is only 3% of the ownership & mdash; 4% or so, significantly lower than 6% in developed countries & mdash; 7% scrap rate; China’s recycling and dismantling rate is only 1% of its possession & mdash; 1.5%, far lower than 5% in developed countries & mdash; 6% level.

　　Zhang Ying, secretary-general of the Scrap Vehicle Branch of China Renewable Resources Recycling Association, said: "According to the growth law of domestic car ownership and the law of scrapping years, China’s scrapped motor vehicles will usher in a period of rapid growth around 2020." If the cumulative sales of passenger cars nationwide in 2018 is 22.351 million, according to the international new car sales account for 70% of scrapped cars & mdash; 80%, China’s old car elimination data will exceed 10 million in 2019, and the recycling and dismantling rate and dismantling scale will also increase and expand.

　　Five assemblies and other parts are buried with gold and silver.

　　Engine, steering gear, transmission, front and rear axles and frame are called the "five major assemblies" of automobiles, and they are also valuable parts in automobiles. Du Huanzheng said that according to the previous regulations, the "five major assemblies" of scrap cars with high added value can only be handed over to metallurgical enterprises as scrap steel and melted into raw materials. Therefore, the added value of scrapped cars is greatly reduced, and some car owners are unwilling to trade to formal dismantling enterprises at this low price, and the willingness to invest in society is also reduced.

　　Hu Jianping, deputy inspector of the Market Construction Department of the Ministry of Commerce, said that 18 years ago, the State Council urgently issued the "Management Measures for the Maneuvering of Scrap Cars" mainly in view of the fact that there were many assembled cars on the road at that time and the safety situation appeared. With the development of China’s economy, the phenomenon of assembling cars has gradually decreased. "The problem of assembling cars is no longer prominent, there are more and more private cars, and the car condition is getting better and better. It is urgent to revise the previous management measures."

　　It is a major breakthrough in the New Deal to allow the "five major assemblies" of scrapped cars to be reused. The "Measures for the Administration of Recycling" stipulates that if the "five major assemblies" of dismantled scrapped motor vehicles meet the conditions for remanufacturing, they can be sold to enterprises with remanufacturing capacity in accordance with relevant state regulations and recycled after remanufacturing; Parts other than the "Five Assemblies" can be sold if they meet the mandatory national standards for protecting personal and property safety and can continue to be used, but they should be marked as "Reusable Parts of Scrapped Motor Vehicles".

　　Du Huanzheng said that in order to make scrapped cars "turn waste into treasure", it is necessary not only to allow the "five major assemblies" of scrapped cars to be reused, but also to establish a recycling information system throughout the country, so that recycling enterprises can truthfully record the number, model and flow direction of major components such as the "five major assemblies" and upload them to the recycling information system. "For example, if the transmission of this car is broken, it can be deployed to a suitable remanufactured or reused transmission through the information system, which not only reduces the maintenance cost, but also saves resources." In addition, we should also do a good job in tracing the source, so that the source can be traced and the destination can be traced, and the market order can be strengthened to effectively prevent scrapped automobile parts from flowing into the black market.

　　"At present, the technology in the field of dismantling, remanufacturing and recycling of scrapped cars has basically matured, and some enterprises in China can also produce large-scale mechanical dismantling and automatic sorting equipment used in Europe, America, Japan and other countries; New materials and technologies such as nano are also constantly being introduced. " Du Huanzheng said, however, the basis for using these mature technologies and equipment is large-scale production.

　　Therefore, the Measures for the Administration of Recycling stipulates that enterprises that have obtained the qualification for recycling scrapped motor vehicles have storage and dismantling sites, dismantling equipment and facilities and dismantling operation specifications that meet the requirements of relevant laws, regulations and mandatory standards such as environmental protection, and have professional and technical personnel suitable for dismantling scrapped motor vehicles. And explicitly canceled the "special industry" restrictions, and those who meet the conditions can engage in recycling and dismantling. After the opening of the industry, "it is conducive to attracting social capital into enterprises with advanced technology and large scale, which will accelerate the cultivation of leading enterprises and promote the utilization of new technologies." Du Huanzheng said.

　　The recycling market is as high as tens of billions of yuan.

　　At present, the number of cars in China is 240 million, according to the international 4%— The average level of 6% scrapping ratio, China’s automobile scrapping scale is quite large. Essence Securities pointed out that according to the "five major assemblies" of a car, the recycling value is 5,000 yuan — At present, China’s scrap car recycling market is as high as 60 billion yuan — 84 billion yuan.

　　Experts in the industry said that the current market environment and related policies are conducive to the reuse of the value of scrapped cars, and at the same time help to mobilize the enthusiasm of car owners to scrap and promote new car consumption. Li Yuke, deputy director of the Automotive Industry Policy Research Office of China Automotive Technology and Research Center, said that it is estimated that the sales scale of spare parts will reach 10 billion yuan in the next few years.

　　"The dismantling of scrapped cars is basically physical, and there are fewer pollution links, such as harmless treatment of engine oil, freon, airbags and crushed waste." Du Huanzheng said that in Japan and other countries, the handling costs of freon and airbags are mainly borne by the owners. In China, the extended producer responsibility system can be used to allow automobile manufacturers to pay this fee to dismantling enterprises, thus accelerating the development of the recycling industry of scrapped automobiles, which will also play an important role in China’s motor vehicle industry chain.

　　advice from others

　　There is a relatively complete scrapping and recycling system in big automobile countries.

　　The data shows that countries and regions with developed automobile industry have also developed the recycling and processing industry of scrapped cars, with a relatively sound system. There are 5,000 scrap car recycling and dismantling enterprises and 140 crushing enterprises in Japan, and the recycling rate of scrap cars is close to 100%. In 2005, the Automobile Recycling Law was promulgated, which clearly stipulated the division of responsibilities between automobile manufacturers and those responsible for dismantling and crushing enterprises. Through the automobile registration and declaration system and recycling system, we can master the export of each used car, the flow of used cars and the dismantling of used cars.

　　The United States stipulates that car owners can’t throw away used motor vehicles at will, and there is also a relatively complete motor vehicle scrapping and recycling system. There are about 12,000 scrap car recycling and dismantling enterprises, about 200 car crushing enterprises and 20,000 parts remanufacturing enterprises in the United States. Most of the dismantling and recycling enterprises and automobile manufacturing enterprises are jointly operated. Automobile manufacturing enterprises have the obligation and responsibility to undertake scrap car recycling, and have professional remanufacturing and parts refurbishment technology, which can remanufacture engines and generators with reuse value and resell them, accounting for about 45% of each car & mdash; 70% parts are reused.

　　BEIJING, July 25 (Xinhua)-The Report on the Quality Monitoring of Compulsory Education in China has been officially released recently by the Quality Monitoring Center of Basic Education of the Ministry of Education (hereinafter referred to as the Monitoring Center). The monitoring center interprets this, saying that China not only regards Chinese, mathematics and science as the important subjects of national compulsory education quality monitoring, but also brings moral education, physical education and art into the monitoring field, which covers a wide range of disciplines, highlighting the importance of China’s monitoring for students’ all-round development.

　　The following is the explanation of the monitoring center for the relevant situation and main characteristics of monitoring work:

　　First, based on the national conditions of China, according to the curriculum standards to develop indicators and tools.

　　Curriculum standards are the basic norms and quality requirements of the state for basic education courses, which reflect the basic requirements of the state for students at different stages in knowledge and skills, processes and methods, emotional attitudes and values. Different from international large-scale education evaluation projects, the quality monitoring of compulsory education in China is strictly based on the national curriculum standards, and the monitoring index system and tools fully reflect the basic requirements of the national curriculum standards. The results can help us understand the learning situation of Chinese students, and then accurately grasp the implementation and implementation of the national curriculum standards.

　　In addition to strictly following the national curriculum standards, in the process of developing monitoring standards and tools, China’s monitoring system also systematically analyzed the relevant laws, regulations and policy requirements, went deep into the front line of education to conduct extensive research, and conducted several trial tests before the formal monitoring, so as to ensure that the monitoring indicators and tools are in line with the actual education and teaching, have wide applicability, and can comprehensively and accurately evaluate the development status of students in compulsory education in China.

　　Second, advocate the educational concept of all-round development and highlight the ability orientation.

　　Promoting the all-round development of students’ morality, intelligence, physique and beauty is an important goal and requirement of basic education in China. China not only regards Chinese, mathematics and science as the important subjects of national compulsory education quality monitoring, but also brings moral education, physical education and art into the monitoring field, which covers a wide range of subjects, highlighting the importance of China’s monitoring on students’ all-round development. At the same time, China’s monitoring adheres to the ability orientation, focusing on the test of students’ comprehensive application of knowledge and problem-solving ability, gradually guiding the whole society and the education system to optimize the training program, and devoting itself to the cultivation and promotion of students’ multi-level ability. In all disciplines and fields, tests based on real life situations are emphasized; In the monitoring of sports and art, the test of performance ability such as sports, singing and painting is emphasized.

　　Third, pay attention to the monitoring of key related factors of education quality, and identify the focus of quality improvement.

　　The quality monitoring of compulsory education in China not only pays attention to the quality of compulsory education, but also analyzes the key factors affecting the quality of compulsory education. In the process of demonstrating and selecting the indicators related to the quality of compulsory education, we should sort out and analyze the relevant educational policies of the Party and the state, comprehensively consult and systematically analyze the latest research progress, seriously study the hot and difficult issues and outstanding problems in China’s education, and focus on curriculum setting, condition guarantee, teacher allocation, subject teaching and school management in six monitoring disciplines, so as to provide a focus for improving education and quality.

　　Taking scientific monitoring as an example, in addition to evaluating students’ scientific academic performance, we also investigated the curriculum, homework time, teachers’ academic qualifications, inquiry-based teaching behavior, and the use of educational and teaching resources, in order to find out the key factors that may affect students’ academic performance and provide more targeted and effective guidance and reference for education and teaching. For example, the correlation analysis shows that teachers’ inquiry teaching level is closely related to students’ scientific academic performance. Taking the fourth grade as an example, compared with teachers with low inquiry teaching level, the proportion of students with high inquiry teaching level who have reached the intermediate and above level is 9.7 percentage points higher, and the proportion of students who have reached the excellent level is 12.7 percentage points higher. The same rule also exists in physics, biology and geography in the eighth grade.

　　Four, bring together high-level talents from many disciplines and fields to participate in the monitoring work.

　　By building an open platform, the monitoring center has effectively integrated resources and strengths in related fields at home and abroad, providing important talent guarantee and intellectual support for the quality monitoring of national compulsory education. In 2015— During the first cycle of monitoring in 2017, more than 1,000 experts in education measurement and evaluation, curriculum and teaching theory, education policy and other fields, as well as local education administration experts, teaching researchers, primary and secondary school principals and front-line teachers were invited to participate in the selection of monitoring indicators in related disciplines and the research and development of monitoring tools; A team of more than 500 monitoring guides was selected and set up nationwide to participate in the supervision and guidance of monitoring implementation; More than 40 overseas experts from 20 countries, regions and international organizations were invited to provide technical consultation and professional services for monitoring. By bringing together experts from many disciplines and fields, the professionalism and sustainable development of monitoring are effectively guaranteed.

　　Five, the use of advanced measurement technology and information means, combined with the actual monitoring to be innovative.

　　In the design of monitoring tools, considering the extensiveness of test content and the limited time for students to answer, and in order to prevent cheating, matrix sampling design is adopted, and multiple-question books are used in the same subject; In order to solve the comparability of students’ academic performance in different years, the test equivalence technology is adopted to measure students’ academic performance in different years on the same ruler, so that students’ academic performance in different years can be compared and longitudinal tracking analysis of students’ academic performance can be realized. In the monitoring sampling work, combined with the actual situation in China, the "school-student" two-stage sampling method widely used in international education quality monitoring is changed to the "district-county-school-student" three-stage sampling method, which can not only fully grasp the situation of the whole country and provinces, but also greatly improve the monitoring operability. On the technical means of monitoring, the electronic singing system is used to test the students’ singing ability. During the test, students sang songs on the spot and uploaded them to the test system in real time. Based on the artificial intelligence scoring system, the automatic scoring of students’ singing ability was realized, which solved the problem of data collection and scoring in large-scale singing ability test.

　　Six, build a strict and standardized data collection process, strengthen the supervision and management of the implementation process.

　　Objective and true data is the "lifeline" of the whole monitoring work. The national compulsory education quality monitoring has formulated a strict and standardized data collection workflow and a minute-long work schedule, and defined the sequence, specific requirements and time nodes of each work to ensure that the data collection work is standardized and orderly. The monitoring implementation progress management system is adopted to monitor and guide the implementation process of monitoring organizations in provinces, counties and schools in real time, and collect and follow up information at different levels, which effectively improves the management efficiency and quality of monitoring organization implementation. At the same time, organize visual experts to conduct special supervision and inspection on the monitoring preparations in some provinces in China, and urge and guide local governments to do a good job in monitoring preparations; The teachers of the non-sample school serve as testers, who are responsible for supervising the whole process and patrolling the test work; Half an hour before the start of the test, unpack the monitoring toolkit and the confidential student roster, publish the student list in the monitoring bulletin board and accept supervision; During the test, we can guide and monitor the test in real time through QQ group, WeChat group and hotline. Through the above measures, the data collection work is standardized, orderly and efficient, and the objectivity and truth of monitoring data are effectively guaranteed.

　　Seven, innovative application of results, to help educational decision-making and improvement of education and teaching.

　　Monitoring is only a means, and improving and upgrading the quality of education is the purpose. Based on the monitoring data, the monitoring center has written different results reports and submitted them to the relevant national education departments, which provides an important reference for educational decision-making. At the same time, the monitoring center also provides monitoring results reports to all participating provinces and sample counties (cities, districts) every year, and organizes interpretation meetings of monitoring results reports to help local personnel understand the monitoring data results and promote the application of monitoring results. For example, in September 2017, the monitoring center held a provincial monitoring result report interpretation meeting in sub-districts across the country, and 32 provincial units and all their sample counties participated in the interpretation meeting. In addition, it also provides professional support for some districts and counties to carry out improvement work based on monitoring results.

Many years ago, Princess Pearl made the protagonists popular all over the country, and Li Mingqi, the actor of the villain supporting role "Rong Mammy", was also well known.

Because the vicious image in her play is deeply rooted in people’s hearts, after the play, Miss Li gained a lot of abuse. She once said that when she went shopping after playing Mammy Rong, she would be scolded by vendors, and she would even throw vegetables at her when she got excited.

However, these are all things of the past. Now everyone knows that Miss Li is an old actor with deep strength and good personality.

A few days ago, the 8th TV Festival for College Students opened. As an old artist, Miss Li was also present to support it, and gave a speech on the stage to encourage college students to work hard. Netizens praised her as body of work.

On November 5th, some netizens met Li Mingqi, the "Sister Rong" who was shopping alone in the open-air vegetable market.

The 83-year-old teacher Li’s hair has turned gray, but she still looks very strong.

Although living in a humble and noisy vegetable market, Miss Li seems to have become accustomed to talking and laughing with vendors.

She is elegantly dressed, wearing a pair of silver-rimmed glasses on her face, her hair neatly tied, a maroon coat and a black skirt, and a brand-name bag slung over her shoulder. She still looks like a star.

At that time, she was looking down at a fruit and vegetable stall to get money. When she paid the bill, she smiled at the stall owner. She looked very kind and kind, which was far from the hated image of "Rong Mammy" in TV series. You can imagine how good Miss Li’s acting skills were.

Some time ago, Mr. Li’s granddaughter posted a video shot at home on social networks. Ms. Li, who was wearing home clothes, also appeared funny, made a lively expression for the camera, and unexpectedly exposed the mansion. It can be seen that Mr. Li lived quite happily in his later years.

Although the economy is well-off, Mr. Li still lives a frugal life. He only goes to the popular vegetable market to buy food, and travels by bus. After being recognized by passers-by, he is always welcome to take photos and sign autographs. This is the old artist who is both virtuous and artistic.

Beijing Medical Insurance Fa [2020] No.2

District medical insurance bureaus, finance bureaus, health and wellness committees, social undertakings bureau of Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone, financial audit bureau, and relevant designated medical institutions:

　　In order to implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, according to the Supplementary Notice of the Office of the State Medical Insurance Bureau, the General Office of the Ministry of Finance, and the General Office of the National Health and Wellness Commission on Doing a Good Job in Medical Security for Pneumonia Infected by novel coronavirus (Guo Jian Bao Dian [2020] No.6) and the deployment requirements of the municipal party committee and government, we should do a good job in medical security for pneumonia infected by novel coronavirus. In the early stage, the Notice on Doing a Good Job in Medical Security for Pneumonia Infected by novel coronavirus (Jing Jian Bao Fa [2020]

　　First, further raise awareness. All relevant units should fully understand the importance and necessity of prevention and control of pneumonia in novel coronavirus, strengthen unified leadership and unified command, and implement the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee with a highly responsible attitude towards people’s health. The main responsible comrades of medical security departments at all levels took the lead in setting up a leading group to actively do a good job in prevention and control.

　　Second, effectively protect the medical expenses of suspected patients. On the basis of ensuring the medical expenses of confirmed patients as required, during the epidemic period, after the medical expenses of suspected patients determined by the diagnosis and treatment plan of pneumonia infected by novel coronavirus in the health department are paid according to the regulations, the personal burden will be subsidized by the municipal finance, and the required funds will be paid in advance by the treatment hospital, and the municipal finance will settle the actual expenses.

　　Third, ensure that patients diagnosed and suspected of seeking medical treatment in different places are treated first. The expenses paid for medical insurance in different places shall be paid in advance by the medical insurance department of the place where the medical insurance is sought, and the information records of the insured patients in different places shall be kept and the medical expenses shall be accounted for. After the epidemic is over, the national unified organization shall conduct liquidation. The personal burden of medical expenses for patients diagnosed in different places shall be implemented by the medical place in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the National Health and Health Commission on the Policy of Guarantee of Funds for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia in novel coronavirus (No.2 [2020] of Caishe) and the Notice of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Finance and Beijing Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau on the Policy of Guarantee of Funds for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia in novel coronavirus (No.135 [2020] of Jingcaishe). The medical expenses of suspected patients seeking medical treatment in different places shall be implemented according to Article 2 of this Notice.

　　Fourth, dynamically adjust the scope of reimbursement and update the information system in time. On the basis that the Municipal Medical Insurance Bureau will temporarily and timely incorporate the drugs and medical services of the novel coronavirus infected pneumonia diagnosis and treatment plan formulated by the health department into the payment scope of the medical insurance fund, all designated medical institutions should update the relevant information systems in time, do a good job in docking with the medical insurance information system of our city, and ensure the timely uploading of medical expenses.

　　Five, cooperate to do a good job in epidemic prevention and control of drugs and consumables procurement and price monitoring and supervision. For drugs and medical consumables needed for epidemic prevention and control, medical institutions can purchase them first and then put them on record according to regulations. Medical security departments at all levels should pay close attention to the changes in the price and supply of related drugs, and notify the relevant departments in time if the supply and price are abnormal.

　　Major problems and situations encountered by all relevant units in their work, please report to the Municipal Medical Insurance Bureau, the Municipal Finance Bureau and the Municipal Health and Wellness Committee in a timely manner.

Beijing Municipal Medical Security Bureau

beijing finance bureau

Beijing Municipal Health and Wellness Committee

January 29, 2020

　　Recently, there are always people on the Internet who say that the barbecue in Zibo is "cold". There are three reasons: first, the passenger flow has dropped; second, some barbecue shops have begun to transfer their facades; third, the popularity of online search is not as good as before.

　　It is better to return to normal than to be "cool". At present, although the barbecue in Zibo is "cooling down", it does not mean that there is no heat. The owner of the barbecue shop reported that although the current passenger flow is not as good as the peak period in April and May, it is still much more than before the "fire"; Although the booking volume of hotels and homestays has declined, the booking situation of the Dragon Boat Festival holiday not long ago is still considerable. It can be seen that the heat of barbecue is still warming many operators in this city.

　　This is Linzi Barbecue Courtyard located in Linzi District, Zibo City. Photo by Zhu Zheng (Xinhua News Agency)

　　The popularity of barbecue in Zibo attracted many entrants. According to the data, from March 1st to June 18th, there were 694 barbecue-related enterprises in Zibo, among which there were veterans in the catering industry and novices. Under the baptism of the market tide, there are shops that have always maintained a high standard of taste and service and are still full of passengers; There are also those who lack stable customers and good word-of-mouth support and can only transfer the facade.

　　Zibo barbecue has become a phenomenal "national feast", which is the result of spontaneous promotion by tourists, rapid response by the government, active maintenance by citizens and other factors, and the help of network traffic can not be ignored.

　　The speed of creating hot spots on the Internet is often very fast. The online "mountain-like tsunami" traffic is transformed into offline short-time passenger flow, which tests the city’s ability to provide a perfect business reception environment and high-quality public services. Once it fails to meet the expectations of tourists, the voice of praise may turn into complaints, which is an examination question that all online celebrity cities need to face. In addition, the Internet traffic economy has the characteristics of rapid upgrading and short life cycle. Not only in Zibo, but also in other online celebrity cities, it is difficult to keep the heat at its peak all the time, and the change of "You sing and I come on stage" is not uncommon in cyberspace. When the flow ebbs, how to cultivate the new kinetic energy of sustainable development is another question for online celebrity. A single barbecue may not be able to meet the experience needs of tourists’ differentiated and diversified leisure tourism. There are many articles to be done from these perspectives, such as exploring tourism resources, enriching the supply of tourism products and injecting the soul into tourism with culture.

　　A nationwide barbecue made more people know about Zibo, and its good consumption environment and excellent public services made it famous. For this newly-built city of online celebrity, people’s continuous concern is the most precious wealth for the long-term development of Zibo.

　　Economic Daily (by Zhang Xue)

　　Xinhua News Agency, Xi ‘an, March 13 (Reporter Lin Juan) Influenza monitoring by China CDC shows that the level of influenza activity has increased in many places in China recently, and influenza A virus is the absolute advantage among the popular influenza viruses. What is swine flu? What’s the difference between flu and common cold? How should I treat the flu? How to scientifically prevent influenza? The reporter interviewed disease control experts and infectious disease experts to answer your questions.

　　What is swine flu?

　　Yu Pengbo, director of the Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control of Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said that influenza A is the abbreviation of influenza A and an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza A virus infection. Influenza virus can be divided into four types according to its core protein: A, B, C and D. Influenza viruses that are seasonal epidemic in the population are influenza A (subtype A H1N1 and subtype A H3N2) and influenza B (strain Yamagata and strain Victoria).

　　Compared with influenza B virus, influenza A virus has many hosts in nature, and it is more prone to mutation or recombination, resulting in its rapid spread among people. Many large-scale outbreaks of influenza in history are related to influenza A virus.

　　Influenza patients and recessive infections are the main sources of seasonal influenza infection. Influenza virus is mainly transmitted through air droplets, and can also be directly or indirectly transmitted through oral cavity, nasal cavity, eyes and other mucous membranes. Contact with items contaminated by viruses may also cause infection. It can also spread in the form of aerosol in a crowded, closed or poorly ventilated room.

During the flu season, children and parents of Xi ‘an Children’s Hospital lined up for tests. Xinhua News Agency reporter Yan Juan photo

　　What’s the difference between flu and common cold?

　　Yu Pengbo introduced that, first of all, the pathogens of the two are different. The flu is caused by influenza virus, and the common cold is caused by rhinovirus and adenovirus. Second, the seasonality is different. Influenza has obvious seasonality (from October to March of the following year in northern China), while the common cold has no obvious seasonality. Third, the symptoms are different. The typical symptoms of influenza are fever, with body temperature as high as 39 to 40 degrees Celsius, accompanied by chills, severe systemic symptoms, headache, muscle pain and fatigue. The common cold generally does not have fever or mild or moderate fever, with nasopharyngeal symptoms as the main symptoms, such as sneezing, runny nose, stuffy nose, sore throat, etc., with mild or no systemic symptoms. Fourth, the harmfulness is different. Generally, the body temperature gradually subsides after 3 to 4 days of influenza onset, and the systemic symptoms improve. However, high-risk groups such as the elderly, children, patients with chronic diseases and pregnant women may be complicated with complications such as pneumonia, otitis media and myocarditis, which may develop into severe illness or even death. Complications of the common cold are rare, and they usually recover in 5 to 7 days.

　　How should I treat the flu?

　　Ye Feng, chief physician of the Department of Infectious Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi ‘an Jiaotong University, said that after symptoms appear, general patients are advised to rest at home and keep the room ventilated. Get enough rest, drink plenty of water, and the diet should be easy to digest and nutritious. Minimize contact with others to avoid infection. The focus of treatment is to relieve flu-like symptoms such as fever and cough, and the patient’s condition changes should be closely observed. Once persistent high fever occurs, accompanied by severe cough, dyspnea, mental change, severe vomiting and diarrhea, you should see a doctor in time.

　　Children under 5 years old, the elderly, patients with chronic diseases, pregnant women or obese people are more likely to have serious complications. They should seek medical treatment as soon as possible and use antiviral drugs under the guidance of doctors as soon as possible. Antibiotics and hormones are ineffective against influenza virus.

　　It should be noted that not everyone who has the flu must take antiviral drugs. The vast majority of influenza antiviral drugs are prescription drugs, which need to be evaluated by doctors before use. At present, the available antiviral drugs for influenza in China mainly include oseltamivir, zanamivir, palamivir, Abidor and mabaloxavir.

Children and their parents waiting in Xi ‘an Children’s Hospital. Xinhua News Agency reporter Yan Juan photo

　　How to prevent influenza?

　　Ye Feng introduced that in daily life, maintaining good personal hygiene habits is an important means to prevent respiratory infectious diseases such as influenza. Wash your hands frequently and keep the environment clean and ventilated; Minimize activities in crowded places and avoid contact with patients with respiratory infections; Observe the etiquette when coughing; You should pay attention to rest when you have flu symptoms; Wear a mask when going to public places or seeking medical treatment. In addition, vaccination is the most economical and effective means to prevent influenza. It can be vaccinated one to two months before the peak of influenza epidemic, and it can also be vaccinated when the vaccine is available in the epidemic season.

Municipal Science and Technology Bureau, Education Bureau, scientific research institutes, institutions of higher learning and relevant units:

In order to further strengthen the safety management of scientific research laboratories in the province and create a good safety environment for scientific research, the Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province and the Education Department of Jiangsu Province organized the compilation of the ".Operational guidelines for safety risk assessment of scientific research experiments(Trial). Is issued to you, please scientific research institutes, colleges and universities, enterprise research and development institutions with reference to the relevant requirements, conscientiously do a good job.Safety risk assessment of scientific research experimentWork.

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Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology education department of jiangsu

2022yearninemoonsevensun

       (This piece is made public voluntarily)

Operational guidelines for safety risk assessment of scientific research experiments

(Trial)

Further strengthen the laboratory safety management of scientific research institutes, universities, enterprise R&D institutions and other units, implement the policy of "safety first, prevention first, comprehensive management", strengthen risk awareness, enhance risk prevention and control capabilities, and create a good safety environment for scientific research. According to the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Safety in Production, Regulations on Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals, Regulations on Safety in Production in Jiangsu Province, Risk Management Risk Assessment Technology (GB 27921-2000

one Purpose of evaluation

Control the safety risks in the process of scientific research experiments from the source, standardize the activities of hazard identification, risk evaluation and risk control of experiments and experimental projects, reduce or eliminate the occurrence of safety accidents in laboratories and experimental projects, ensure the safe and orderly development of scientific research activities, and earnestly safeguard scientific research.unitLaboratory safety and personnel life safety.

2 area of application

This guide is mainly used forLaboratories of scientific research institutes, universities, enterprise R&D institutions and other units.In the process of scientific research and experiment (or experimental project), the possibility of safety accidents and the risk of potential accident consequences are analyzed and evaluated. Experimental safety risk assessment targets include experimental sites, experimental materials and equipment, experimental personnel, experimental operations, preventive measures, emergency plans, etc. Applicable to existing or new experiments and experimental projects involving dangerous chemicals (including controlled chemicals such as toxic chemicals, explosive chemicals and precursor chemicals, etc.), biology, radiation, electromechanical, laser, special equipment and other possible risks; It can also be used to evaluate the safety status of existing experiments and experimental projects.

This guide cannot replace the risk assessment of biological safety and radiation safety. For projects that may have biological safety risks and radiation safety risks, special risk assessment should also be made according to the requirements and provisions of relevant national laws, regulations and norms.

three management responsibility

unitThe main person in charge is the first person in charge of the safety management of scientific research experiments in this unit, and is fully responsible for the risk management and control of experimental safety.In charge of experimentThe leader of safety work is an important responsible person, assisting the first responsible person to be responsible for the safety management of scientific research experiments. The person in charge of the laboratory or the person in charge of the experimental project is directly responsible for the safety management of scientific research experiments, and is responsible for the risk assessment of the risk factors and risk levels of the experiments and experimental projects. unitLaboratory safety function department in conjunction withScientific research management departments organize, inspect, supervise and guide the risk assessment of experimental safety.

Safety risk assessment should be conducted in advance for experiments or experimental projects that may have safety risks. The unit can only approve whether experiments or experimental projects can be carried out after the conclusion of safety risk assessment and the implementation of rectification measures.

four Basic procedure

4.1 Experiment and experimental project, by the project leader to the unit.Laboratory safety function department in conjunction withThe scientific research management department applies for safety risk assessment.

4.2 After receiving the application for safety risk assessment,Laboratory safety function department in conjunction withThe scientific research management department organized a risk assessment team composed of experimenters, managers and safety experts in related fields.,Formulate an evaluation plan.

4.3 The assessment team conducts safety risk analysis, draws assessment conclusions, puts forward suggestions and measures, forms a safety risk assessment report (table), and returns the assessment results to the person in charge of the experiment or experimental project.

4.4The unit shall record the assessment report of the safety risk assessment project that has been approved; For experiments or experimental projects with significant risks, they shall be submitted to the competent business department for review according to the requirements of the competent business department.

4.5 Experiments and experimental projects can only be carried out after examination and approval.

five Evaluation content

The safety risk assessment of experiments and experimental projects mainly includes:

(oneThe types, quantities, characteristics and possible risks of the hazards involved in the experiment.

(2) the satisfaction and conformity of the conditions, facilities, equipment, technology and management personnel of the experimental site.

(three) The scientificity, rationality and operability of experimental scheme design, experimental operation, protective equipment allocation and safety guarantee measures.

(four) safety education, training and access scheme, laboratory safety management system and measures.

(five) emergency plan, the implementation of the safety responsibility system and other matters of preparation.

(six) storage and disposal of experimental wastes.

six Evaluation process

Basic steps: preliminary preparation, identification and analysis of dangerous and harmful factors, selection of evaluation methods, qualitative or quantitative evaluation, putting forward safety countermeasures and suggestions, making evaluation conclusions, and compiling safety risk assessment reports (tables).

6.1 Preparatory stage

The preliminary preparation work includes: defining the evaluation target and scope, setting up an evaluation team, compiling various questionnaires, preparing technical documents (collecting relevant domestic laws, regulations, rules, standards and specifications, etc.), conducting on-the-spot investigation on the basic data of the evaluated object, and conducting on-the-spot investigation and accurately recording the investigation results.

6.1.1 Establish the objectives, scope and principles of risk assessment.

6.1.2 Set up an evaluation team.

6.1.3 Collect relevant information and conduct preliminary investigation and analysis, including:

①Relevant domestic laws, regulations, rules, standards, norms, etc.;②Basic information of the experimental project: the main items involved in the experimental projectexperimentMaterials (including chemicals/Types, quantities, storage methods, physical and chemical properties and hazardous characteristics of reagents, special gases, etc.); Main experimental instruments/Type, quantity and safety protection of equipment (especially special equipment); Experimental steps and operation methods; Measures, conditions and facilities for explosion prevention, fire prevention and poisoning prevention in the experimental site; Qualification and training of laboratory personnel; Safety management system; Emergency plans and drills, etc.;③On-site investigation;④Seek expert advice;⑤Other supplementary information, such as similar safety accident cases.

6.1.4 Develop a risk assessment plan.

The assessment team formulates a risk assessment plan.The contents of the evaluation plan generally include:①Purpose of evaluation;②Evaluation basis;③Evaluation principle;④Scope of assessment;⑤ Division of tasks; ⑥appraisal procedure;⑦Work plan for each stage of risk assessment;⑧Time schedule of implementation.

The risk assessment plan should be issued and implemented by the main person in charge of the unit (or its authorized person in charge)..

If there is too little relevant information, so that the risk assessmentworkWhen it is difficult to carry out, some risk reduction measures can be introduced in a targeted manner to reduce the risk of some key links and simplify the evaluation scheme.

6.2 Evaluation stage  

Carry out analysis and evaluation according to the risk assessment plan. Through hazard identification and analysis, field investigation, and qualitative and quantitative evaluation of hazard factors.

6.2.1 Identification and analysis of dangerous and harmful factors. Identify hazards and various dangerous and harmful factors, identify risks, and analyze and judge the degree of safety risks. Focus on the analysis and listing of dangerous chemicals, experimental procedures and operating methods, the use of special equipment, emergency treatment and other aspects of the dangerous and harmful factors.

6.2.2 Select evaluation method. According to the characteristics of experiments and experimental projects, scientific, reasonable and applicable qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods are selected for overall evaluation and analysis. Capable of quantitative evaluationsuitableUse quantitative evaluation methods, and semi-quantitative or qualitative evaluation methods can be used if quantitative evaluation is not possible. For different experimental stages or links, different evaluation methods can be selected according to the needs of evaluation and the characteristics of experimental links. When necessary, several analysis and evaluation methods can be selected to evaluate the same evaluation object, which are complementary, comprehensive and mutually verified to improve the accuracy of the analysis and evaluation results.

6.2.3 Qualitative or quantitative evaluation. Using the selected evaluation method, combined with field investigation, and referring to the possibility and severity of accidents or acute occupational hazards caused by dangerous and harmful factors in similar experimental activities, qualitative and quantitative evaluation and analysis can be carried out.

6.2.4 Safety countermeasures and suggestions. According to the identification, analysis results and qualitative and quantitative analysis results of dangerous and harmful factors, this paper puts forward targeted safety countermeasures and suggestions from the aspects of experimental site conditions, experimental materials and equipment, experimental methods, personnel education and training, emergency response capability and safety management.

6.2.5 Evaluation conclusion.Summarize the evaluation results of experimental materials, instruments and equipment, experimental process (technology), safety management and protective measures; List the experimental itemsThe existing risks, as well as the hazards and hazardous factors that should be mainly prevented and controlled, point out the existing problems, determine the hazard categories, predict the possibility and severity of major accidents, and put forward the key safety countermeasures to be taken.andFeasibility of reducing security risks.

6.3 Prepare safety risk assessment report

refer toAQ 8001See appendix for the format of safety risk assessment report.D.

seven reappraise

experimentScheme orExperiment (technology)If there is any major adjustment in the process.Whole or wholeappearoriginallyMajor safety risks not found during the assessment, the project leadershouldRe-evaluate the safety risk according to the process, and take effective control and preventive measures in time.

(oneRelevant policies, regulations and standards have changed;

(2) After a safety accident or incident;

(threeWhen new equipment, materials, methods, personnel, environment, etc. are changed or the structure and function of the laboratory are changed, including before the tasks performed by the laboratory partition where substances are stored or used are changed; 

(four) change the workflow.

eight Risk grade determination

From high to low, the risk level of experimental safety is divided into major risk (level 1), major risk (level 2), general risk (level 3) andLow risk (level 4) four levels.

Level 1 (red): significant risk. It is extremely dangerous and cannot be carried out.In the experiment, control measures should be supplemented immediately in order to reduce the risk level, and regular inspection, measurement and evaluation should be carried out;

Level 2 (orange): greater risk. High risk, immediate rectification, supplementary control measures, regular inspection, measurement and evaluation;

Level 3 (yellow): general risk. Significant danger, need to be rectified, establish goals, establish operating procedures, and strengthen training and communication;

Level 4 (blue): low risk.lowerDanger, need to pay attention to, improve the control measures in time.

The conclusions obtained by different risk analysis and evaluation methods may be different, so the one with the highest risk level should be selected as the risk level of the project.

Experiments and experimental projects adopt a safety risk classification and classification management mechanism. Effective safety prevention and control measures and emergency plans should be formulated and strictly implemented for experiments and experimental projects with risk level above level 3, and experiments can be carried out only after being examined and confirmed by the unit, and relevant materials should be filed.

According to the relevant national and industrial regulations, norms and standards, the classification of experiments and experimental projects and the division of risk levels are adjusted in a timely manner (see AnnexC）。

Appendix A 

Risk assessment flow chart

 

 

picture1  Risk assessment flow chart

appendixB

 Risk assessment method

 According to the characteristics of experiments and experimental projects, comprehensive analysis, qualitative and quantitative evaluation are generally carried out by using hazard analysis method of working conditions, pre-hazard analysis method, analogy method and checklist analysis method.

(1)Hazard analysis method (LEC)

Hazard analysis method for working conditions (Graham–Ginny method is a semi-quantitative risk assessment method for workers working in occupational hazardous environment. The evaluation principle is: the quantitative risk value of operating conditions (D) depends on three factors, (one) the possibility of an accident (L）； (2) Frequency of exposure of workers to dangerous working environment (E）； (three) The severity of possible consequences in the event of an accident (C）。 Represented by a simplified formula is:D=L×E×C

amongDThe greater the value, the greater the danger of the operation. Danger of working conditionsDSee table for the classification of values.2.

table1  Hazard classification table

L、E、CSee table for the range of the three factors.2, tablethree, tablefour.

table2   L-Accident possibility score

table3   E-Frequency score of exposure to dangerous environment

table4   C-Consequence score caused by accident

 

(2) Pre-hazard analysisway

Pre-hazard analysis (PHA) is a system safety analysis method that makes a macro and general analysis of various risk factors (categories and distributions), occurrence conditions and possible consequences of accidents in the system before an activity (such as an experiment). Its purpose is to find the potential risk factors of the system at an early stage, determine the risk level of the system, and put forward corresponding preventive measures to prevent these risk factors from developing into accidents and avoid thoughtlessness.The losses caused are qualitative evaluation. That is to say, discuss, analyze and determine the dangerous and harmful factors existing in the system, their triggering conditions and phenomena, the causes and events that caused the accident, the accident types, the accident consequences and the danger level, and put forward the safety precautions that should be taken.

(one) Pre-hazard analysis step

① Fully investigate the purpose, process, operating conditions and surrounding environment of the experiment;

② Collect past experience and accidents in similar experiments, judge whether similar situations will occur in the objects to be analyzed, and find out the dangers that can cause material losses and personal injuries;

③ Determine the hazard source according to experience, technical diagnosis and other methods;

④ Identify the conditions of dangerous transformation and study the trigger conditions of dangerous factors transforming into accidents;

⑤ Carry out risk classification, determine the degree of risk, and find out the dangerous sources that should be controlled emphatically;

⑥ Formulate risk prevention measures.

(2) risk classification

PHAThe result of the analysis is expressed by the risk grade. Danger can be divided into four grades, as shown in table.five.

tablefive  Hazard classification table

(three) evaluation results

Pre-risk assessment analysis adopts the following tabular form (Tablesix) Submit the results.

table6  Hazard pre-analysis table (sample table)

 

(four) analysis summary

Through the pre-risk assessment and analysis, the main risks and risk grades of experiments or experimental projects are obtained.

For all kinds of possible dangers and harmful factors, preliminary preventive countermeasures and measures are put forward one by one in the risk pre-analysis table.

(3) analogy method

Through the safety investigation of the same or similar projects as the experimental projects to be evaluated, and the analysis of relevant experimental documents and technical data, it is proposed to evaluate the types and degree of hazards and harmful factors of the experimental projects by analogy, assess the possible hazards and harmful factors, and predict the control effect of the proposed safety protection measures.

(4) Checklist analysis method

According to the national laws, regulations, technical specifications and standards related to occupational safety and health, as well as operating procedures and production safety accident cases, through detailed analysis and research on the experimental items to be evaluated, the inspection units, parts, items, contents and requirements are listed, and a table is compiled to check the compliance one by one to determine the safety problems, defects and potential hazards of the experimental items to be evaluated.

appendixC

Classification and risk level of experiments and experimental projects

 

1. According to the characteristics of hazardous sources involved in experiments and experimental projects, they can be divided into six categories: chemistry, biology, radiation, electromechanical, special equipment and others from the perspective of safety.

(a) experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving chemical reactions and chemicals belong to the chemical category. The main hazards areExplosive,Flammable and explosive,be poisonedSexual, corrosive and other dangers.chemistryProduct.

(two) experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving microorganisms and experimental animals belong to the biological category. The main hazards are microorganisms (infectious disease pathogens, etc.), animals and other biological factors that endanger the safety of individuals or groups.

(3) Experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving radioactive sources and radiation devices are classified as radiation. The main hazard source is radioactive material.

(four) experimental sites (or experimental items) involving mechanical, electrical, high temperature and high pressure equipment and instruments.Item) belongs to electromechanical category. The main hazards are machining high-speed equipment and high-speed equipment.electricityPressure and high current equipment, excitationOptical equipment, heating equipment, etc.

(five) experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving lifting machinery, boilers and pressure vessels (including gas cylinders) belong to special equipment. The main hazard source is the equipment itself, and the lifting machinery may cause heavy objects falling, crane instability, tilting, squeezing, falling from a height and other hazards; Boiler may cause material failure, explosion or leakage due to overtemperature and overpressure, resulting in mechanical damage, scald and other hazards; The pressure vessel may cause explosion or gas leakage and other hazards due to thermal overpressure, mechanical damage and unqualified pressure reducing valve.

(six) experimental sites (or experimental projects) that do not involve the above-mentioned hazard sources belong to other categories. The main hazard source is the safety risk of electricity and water caused by facilities and equipment such as electricity and water.

Second, according to the hazards used in the experiment.(experimental materials, instruments and equipment, etc.)The degree of danger,And whether a large number of dangerous experimental materials are stored in the experimental site,The experimental safety risk levels of experiments and experimental projects are divided into four levels from high to low: major risk (level I, red), major risk (level II, orange), general risk (level III, yellow) and low risk (level IV, blue).

(a) involving the use ofExplosives, spontaneous combustion,Inflammable and explosivewait forDangerous chemicals with physical hazards, andHighly toxic and easy to make drugs.Easy to explode, narcotics and psychotropic substancesControl chemicals or drugs, etc.Highly pathogenic microorganisms, radioactive sources, etc.; Or a large number of dangerous chemicals or controlled drugs are stored on site than the experimental requirements.It is a first-class safety risk experiment and experimental project.

(two) involving the use of other dangerous chemicals, low pathogenic microorganisms, experimental animals, pressure vessels, laser equipment, strong magnetic equipment, etc., for the second-level safety risk experiments and experimental projects.

(3) It involves the use of hoisting machinery, high-speed equipment, rotary machinery, cold and hot equipment (refrigerators, ovens, muffle furnaces, etc.), high-power charging and discharging devices, high-voltage equipment, etc., and is a three-level safety risk experiment and experimental project.

(4) Experiments or experimental projects not listed in the above three categories are four-level safety risk experiments and experimental projects.

Three, the above division of experimental safety risk level, after the experimental materials, equipment, experimental technology, operation methods, personnel qualifications, environmental conditions,Protective measures, etcAfter the comprehensive risk assessment of factors, if the risk degree increases, it should be adjusted according to the comprehensive assessment results.Experimental safety risk level of experiments and experimental projects.
appendixD Compilation format of safety risk assessment report

 

××××××Experimental safety risk assessment report

I. Overview of experimental projects

one. Brief introduction of experimental project

2. Purpose of evaluation

three. Evaluation basis

four. Scope of risk assessment

five. Risk assessment method

Second, the experimental process (process) introduction

Third, hazard identification.Identification and analysis

Fourth, qualitative and quantitative evaluation

one. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation

2. assessment result

V. Safety countermeasures and suggestions

one. Put forward targeted safety countermeasures and measures.

2. Supplementary suggestion

VI. Conclusion of Safety Risk Assessment

 

××××××Experimental safety risk assessment form

Instructions for filling in the form:

1.Please fill in the corresponding column when the laboratory does not involve dangerous sources.“without"; When the form is not enough, please add it yourself.

2.This report is made in triplicate, one for the project leader, the secondary unit and the competent business department, and the copy is valid.

riverIssued by the Office of Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province on September 13, 2022

Attachment:Notice on printing and distributing guidelines for risk assessment of scientific experiments

　　[New car diagram] Like Hip-Hop, it is not only a brand, but also a culture. In the past period, whether it is various media reports or Weibo discussions, it has played an important role. What kind of surprises have the personalized SUV in a personalized brand brought us? Please see the actual photos of the two cars in the store below.

　　The so-called "run away" means GETAWAY, which can be explained by such an example: the company has notified the company to work overtime without pay on weekends, and I believe every employee who hears the news will feel frustrated. "Forget it, run away, don’t go". It is such a sentence that shows their yearning for freedom, as well as their own mentality, and points out the characteristics of the COUNTRYMAN owner crowd – unfettered.

● Tantan’s sneak into China, niche models, niche prices

　　On February 24, 2011, the 10th day after Valentine’s Day, MINI COUNTRYMAN was launched in China, adding a personalized choice for individual men and women. There are only two cars in the COUNTRYMAN series, and the two cars have different power configurations and transmission modes, 1.6L twoThe EXCITEMENT of the drive is priced at 358,000 yuan. The COOPER S of the other four-wheel drive 1.6T is priced at 415,000 yuan. So how to distinguish these two car types, the following text will tell you, please follow me.

● It’s not just a grown-up Mini.

　　The first feeling when seeing the MINI is that it retains the genes of the MINI family to the greatest extent, just like an ordinary MINI with a raised chassis and grown up. But as the first SUV in the family and the first four-door model, the COUNTRYMAN is more robust, and it seems to show a different kind of roughness, and the essence of this roughness is personality.

● The difference between EXCITEMENT and COOPER S in appearance and details

　　Compared with the front face of the two cars, it is obvious that the COOPER S is more exaggerated, and the details are more bold than those handled by EXCITEMENT; the front face design of EXCITEMENT is slightly conservative, and it is not as rich as the COOPER S for embellishment and decoration, but the integrity is stronger.

　　First of all, starting from the air intake grille, the grille of the COOPER S model is black honeycomb, and a long small grille is opened at the top of the front surrounding, which enhances the layering of the front face and enriches the sports elements. EXCITEMENT uses a chrome-plated decoration technique, but it is slightly elegant.

　　The water tank cooling colloquial air intake grille echoes, the two cars also maintain a certain degree of detail differences, the EXCITEMENT model water tank cooling grille is in order, COOPER S adds two chrome-plated decorations in the grille that look like tusks, the visual effect is not abrupt, and it has a certain practical effect, that is, to guide the air near the disc to cool the brake disc.

　　The profile of the side is exactly the same, but the details can still distinguish the two cars. Since the COOPER S model is four-wheel drive, the ALL4 logo at the front door corner stands out, which will be one of the essential differences between the two cars.

　　Just like looking from the front, it can also be recognized at a glance as a member of the MINI family. The retro and plump rear is highly recognizable, and even the SUV has inherited this design style.

　　The tail details are still the difference between the COOPER S and EXCITEMENT models; the COOPER S is a double exhaust pipe, which ensures the smooth exhaust of the 1.6T engine. At the same time, the chrome plating around the license plate frame is removed. The COOPER S rear surrounding line is richer than the EXCITEMENT, and the visual effect is good. In addition, the COOPER and COOPER S logos at the rear are also the most direct and sure way to distinguish their identities.

　　Highlighting individual wheel hubs is a detail that cannot be ignored. The COOPER S model has 18-inch wheels and the EXCITEMENT model has 17-inch wheels. However, MINI offers a wide range of wheel hubs, allowing consumers to choose according to their preferences.

　　In addition, many details of the appearance are also personalized, such as the white roof, the chrome rearview mirror can be installed, and the front machine cover can be sprayed with two color bars. All of this gives consumers greater freedom of choice, and the purpose is only one, to highlight their personality and avoid a static appearance. Maybe your COUNTRYMAN is a lady’s style, and mine is WRC style.

Topic: picture channel

　　Dai Dongchang, Director of the Highway Department of the Ministry of Communications, answered a reporter’s question. China Net Yang Nan Photography

　　Speaking at a news conference today (18th) about the development of national highways, Dai Dongchang, director of the Highway Department of the Ministry of Communications, said that the expressway construction in China started very late, but the rapid and leap-forward development has greatly improved the social and economic mobility of our country. It should be said that the great development of the whole highway traffic, including expressways, has supported the rapid development of our country’s social economy.

　　Looking back on the development of national highways, Dai Dongchang thinks that there are three characteristics:

　　First, it started very late. The first expressway was opened to traffic in 1988, and it was a short experimental road, which was a section of expressway from Shanghai to Jiading. Compared with developed countries and even many developing countries in the world, we started very late.

　　Second, the initial stage of development is relatively slow. We lacked experience in technology, capital, policy and so on in the initial stage of expressway construction. Therefore, at the beginning, the primary stage is relatively slow. It took us more than ten years to build the first 10,000-highway expressway.

　　Third, accelerate quickly. With the unification of people’s understanding and the accumulation of experience, especially with the new demand of social and economic development in our country, expressway construction began to accelerate in the middle and late 1990s. So we spent three years on the second 10,000 km, from 20,000 to 30,000, from 30,000 to 40,000, and from 40,000 to 50,000, respectively, and we can see the speed and construction progress. It should be said that China’s expressway construction has achieved a historic breakthrough and a leap-forward development, and this achievement has attracted worldwide attention. In particular, in a developing country like ours, its construction process was built by using the innovative mechanism of policies. Many international organizations and foreign counterparts, including the World Bank, are envious and appreciative of our achievements.

　　Dai Dongchang said that it is precisely because of the rapid development of expressways and the phased construction achievements of national expressways with the national trunk line "five verticals and seven horizontals" that the social and economic mobility of our country has been greatly improved. It should be said that the great development of the whole highway traffic, including expressways, has supported the rapid development of our country’s social economy. At the same time, as a large channel such as expressway, it is beneficial to coordinate the coordinated development between urban and rural areas and regions.

　　Dai Dongchang said that when the United States evaluated the 40th anniversary of the interstate highway, there were two comments. First, it said that the American interstate highway was the engine to promote the economic prosperity and development of the United States in the past 40 years. Second, this American investment in interstate highways is one of the best public investments in history.

　　Dai Dongchang said that with the acceleration and continuous improvement of the construction process of our national expressway network, our national expressway will surely play a greater role.

　　At 10: 00 a.m. on December 18th, the State Council Press Office held a press conference, and asked Weng Mengyong, Vice Minister of Communications, to introduce the planning and implementation of the "five vertical and seven horizontal" national trunk lines and answer reporters’ questions. Also present were Mr. Dong Xuebo, Director of the Comprehensive Planning Department of the Ministry of Communications, and Mr. Dai Dongchang, Director of the Highway Department. Live broadcast by China Network.

Editor: Yu Qingqing

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