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China’s trade went global. From 1757 to 1842, the 13th Canton was the only "special zone" for the Qing government to trade with Europe and the United States, which made the city retain its memory and make people remember its homesickness. Guangzhou is a famous cultural city with a history of more than 2,000 years. Every street and lane has a long story, and every brick and tile has a meaningful memory. Today, Xiaobian will appreciate the heavy memory of this city with you, appreciate the spirit tradition of tolerance and openness for more than 2,000 years, and appreciate the endless literary context; Together with you, under the illumination of history, we can understand today and Guangzhou, thus strengthening our cultural self-confidence. In 1757, with the promulgation of the imperial edict on foreign trade in which Qianlong only left Guangdong Customs, the foreign trade of the Qing Dynasty was locked in the thirteenth line of Guangzhou. As the only exchange center between Chinese and Western civilizations for 85 years, it is a Chinese and foreign trading place located on the edge of the Pearl River, where foreign ships gather at the thirteen ports, and almost all major countries and regions in Asia, Europe and America have had direct trade relations with the thirteen banks. It has global trade routes to Europe, Latin America, South Asia, East Asia and Oceania. It was the only surviving node of the Maritime Silk Road under the closed-door policy of the Qing government at that time, bearing the gestation and development of modern China’s commercial economy. Although the thirteen lines have disappeared in the long river of history, their historical influence has been continuing. Two hundred years later, history once again chose Guangzhou to undertake the historical mission of "gathering customers from all over the world and selling goods from all over the world". Thirteen lines and the Canton Fair jointly compose the colorful movement of the Maritime Silk Road.It became the epitome of China’s opening to the outside world and economic development in modern times. A long scroll showing the style of the thirteen-line business hall in Qing Dynasty. Where did the thirteenth line come from? Kangxi’s sea trade gave birth to the "Thirteen Lines" and made Guangzhou "trade in one mouth". This was a scene in the 18th century-the Swedish merchant ship King Frederick was sailing off the South China Sea in China. This is a large sailboat of that era. It started from Europe and will arrive in Canton after more than a year’s voyage. In the eyes of westerners, China is a country of silk, porcelain and tea, and there are countless exquisite handicrafts, showing a profound culture. They were pleasantly surprised to find China. Fortunately, the Swedish ship escaped the stormy waves of the Cape of Good Hope, the piracy in Malacca and the threat of epidemic diseases on board, and completed the voyage with 20% staff reduction. Only half of the sailboats that set out with them can reach Guangzhou. Paying such a high price is for the maiden voyage of trade between China and Sweden. After leaving Gothenburg, Sweden, King Frederick went to Spain for the silver that was commonly used in China, and arrived at Lingding Island in Guangzhou on September 6, 1732. During the four months of berthing in Guangzhou, King Frederick ordered 151 large boxes and 1801 bundles of porcelain from more than 10 foreign firms in China, totaling 49,906 pieces. And 2183 boxes of red and green tea. After sailing from Guangzhou, King Frederick returned to Sweden after eight months. Porcelain exported in the Qing Dynasty is bright in color. At that time,Every year, hundreds of such merchant ships come from afar, enter the South China Sea of China through a long waterway, and then go north along the Pearl River to reach Guangzhou, then known as the southern gate of the Eastern Empire. In fact, during the Ming Dynasty, overseas trade was not always smooth, and the imperial court often declared a "sea ban", which lasted until the early Qing Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the sea was closed for 300 years. However, Guangzhou’s ship management organization, Shiboshi, was preserved and continued to play a role in promoting cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The model of the Swedish merchant ship Gothenburg, which sailed to Guangzhou three times in Qing Dynasty. After Kangxi unified Taiwan Province and put down the San Francisco Rebellion, he began to consider the economic and tax balance of the whole country. He sent Shi Zhu, a cabinet university student, to Guangdong and Fujian for inspection to prepare for the sea trade. Because smuggling is popular, there is opposition in the court. Kangxi asked Shizhu, "How many houses have you been to in Guangdong?" Shizhu replied: "Zhaoqing, Gaozhou, Lianzhou, Leizhou, Qiongzhou, Guangzhou, Chaozhou, etc., where the people said that they had left their homeland for more than 20 years, and now the emperor has leveled the bandits and can go back to their homeland." Kangxi asked again, "So, people are happy to live by the sea, why don’t you allow it?" Shizhu replied, "The sea was sealed in the Ming Dynasty, so we can only do as usual." Kangxi was very dissatisfied and said: "The frontier ministers should take the national economy and people’s livelihood as their thoughts. Although the sea is forbidden today, people who trade privately also go to sea to make a living; To be honest, if you are not allowed, it is just for your own convenience. " Shizhu was speechless for a while. In the 24th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1685), the imperial court opened four ports for trade: Guangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan and Xiamen.However, at that time, there was no distinction between Chinese and foreign trade, and there was no specialized foreign trade firm. In the early days of the switch, when western ships arrived, officials were in a hurry, and foreign ships were often blocked outside the port and could not trade for a long time. In the spring of 1686, the second year of Guangdong Customs switch, the Guangdong government finally found a solution-Wu Xingzuo, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Li Shizhen, Governor of Guangdong, and Yi Ergtu, the supervisor of Guangdong Customs, jointly discussed and divided the national tax into two categories: "residence tax" and "line tax". The "residence tax" is a tax levied on all goods landed in the inland trade of this province, which is collected by the tax department and called "Golden Line"; "Travel tax" is a tax on goods sold by foreign countries and goods traded at sea, which is collected by Guangdong Customs. "Foreign goods line" means "thirteen lines". When it comes to the meaning of "line", it means "line and column", which is "the place where goods live". From then on, foreign goods company 13 became a professional firm engaged in foreign trade, which was managed by the state to prevent free exchanges between Chinese and foreign people. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong (1757), Qianlong made a decree in the Forbidden City: "The port is set in Guangdong, and foreign ships are allowed to dock in Guangdong." The other three ports were closed, and Guangzhou became the foreign trade center of Qing Dynasty. This export painting in Qing Dynasty depicts the scene of local businessmen talking with foreign businessmen. How prosperous is the thirteenth line? The 85-year-old "one-stop trade" has made Guangzhou’s routes to the world increasingly developed. In addition to the routes to the Indian Ocean, Nanyang, Japan and Europe that have been in use in the Ming Dynasty, it has also increased the routes to North America, Oceania and Russia through the Cape of Good Hope.In many places overseas, there are scenes of merchants from various countries shuttling around the "canton" thirteen-line commercial pavilion area and tens of thousands of races on the river, which makes people marvel at the prosperity of Guangzhou at that time. Although according to the regulations of the government, foreign businessmen could not live in Guangzhou at that time, but only in the suburbs or Huangpu Port, every rest day, businessmen or sailors could walk into the city gate and visit the flower pagoda and longevity temple of Haikuang Temple, and they could also visit scenic places such as Baiyun Mountain and Fangcun Flower Land. Guangzhou, a trading port, became the preferred "golden port" for western merchant ships after the opening and closing of the Qing Dynasty. Of course, silk porcelain, tea and homespun were exported, while wool, cotton, metals and spices were imported from abroad. In 1984, British divers found the Dutch merchant ship "Helder Malsen" which sank on the rocks in 1751. When it returned from China, it brought 147 pieces of gold, 239,000 pieces of porcelain in 203 boxes, 687,000 pounds of tea, textiles, lacquerware, sappan wood and thymelaeaceae. By 1986, when part of the sunken ship was salvaged for auction, the guests were dumbfounded by the dazzling array of goods. Qing dynasty export porcelain painted with ocean-going sailboats. In those days, foreign businessmen came to Guangzhou with great enthusiasm. Apart from Russian caravans crossing Siberia to the northern border of China and Portuguese merchant ships trading in Macau, neighboring countries and European and American countries, including the Netherlands, Spain, Britain, France, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Prussia, Italy, the United States and Peru, participated in the tribute trade with China.All of them are trading in the 13th Commercial Hall in Guangzhou. In Berlin Coin Museum, Germany, there is a silver coin with the head of Prussian king on the front and a Guangzhou businessman in Qing Dynasty costume on the back. There is a box of tea behind the businessman. This is a commemorative coin made for Prussian merchant ships who sailed to Guangzhou for the first time in the seventeenth year of Qianlong (1753), and it is the only commemorative coin in Europe with the image of Qing Dynasty. Among the foreign ships coming to China, there are also names with Chinese flavor, such as "Guangzhou", "Merchant of China" and "empress of china". This painting for export in Qing Dynasty reflects thirteen lines of street customs. It is worth mentioning that there are canton in many overseas places. For example, Canton in Massachusetts and Canton in Georgia are towns named after Guangzhou, while Canton in northeast Ohio is the largest Guangzhou city in the United States. Since the second half of the 18th century, there have been dozens of foreign merchant ships coming to Guangzhou every year, with more than 80 at the most. By the early 19th century, it had increased to one or two hundred. In 1784, the American merchant ship "empress of china" made its maiden voyage to Guangzhou with leather goods and American ginseng worth 120,000 US dollars. "empress of china" also kept all the naval equipment to prevent pirates from looting. On May 11th, 1785, "empress of china" returned to the United States, causing a sensation all over the country. All the goods on board were snapped up, and Washington, the founding president of the United States, also bought a teapot with a dragon pattern. Line 13 has "Tianzi Nanku"There is also a domineering name for the thirteen lines: "Tianzi Nanku". In the process of accumulating wealth, the court also got huge benefits from Guangzhou. From the first year of Daoguang (1821) to the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837), more than 1.5 million taels of silver tax were received in Guangzhou every year, all of which were dominated by the royal family. The foreign firm also transported foreign goods such as ivory, enamel, snuff, clocks, glassware, gold and silver for the emperor. In the list of 1738, 88 of the 102 tributes were exotic foreign goods. In 1754, hall of mental cultivation was built in the Forbidden City in Beijing, which needed valuable timber from Nanyang, and Guangdong imported 56,400 Jin for it. In 1708, Kangxi suddenly became seriously ill and drank the red wine prepared by the foreign imperial doctor Rod, and his heartbeat quickly returned to normal. In the future, whenever foreign ships entered Hong Kong, Kangxi asked if there was any wine, and if there was, he asked for it to be transported to Beijing as soon as possible. Soon, the world wines gathered in Guangzhou, and a wine "hotline" was formed between Beijing and Guangzhou. In 1758, in an imperial edict, Qianlong instructed that "foreign clocks and watches, western gold beads, exotic furnishings or fresh utensils should be bought", and that "there is no need to cherish fees". It can be seen that Guangdong Customs, Guangzhou Foreign Firm and the court are inextricably linked, and the thirteenth line has become the only foreign goods supply place that the royal family can rely on, so it is called "Tianzi Nanku". The richest group in China relied on the monopoly privilege of foreign trade, and a number of China tycoons appeared in the 13th line, such as Pan Zhencheng, Wu Bingjian and Lu Guanheng, all of whom were rich, among which Wu Bingjian was the most prominent and became the richest man in the world at that time. Wu Bingjian has 26 million taels of silver,It is equivalent to more than 5 billion yuan today, and its income is half that of the Qing government. His son invests in railways in the United States, and the annual interest alone is more than 200,000 taels of silver. In addition, Shisanhang has also become a bridgehead for cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Chinese porcelain, export paintings and folk handicrafts are exported from here, and foreign scientific knowledge, culture and art are also introduced into China from here. Exquisite export products in Qing Dynasty. The picture shows the export porcelain candlestick in Qing Dynasty. The relationship between Shisanhang and the world far exceeds trade. In the history of Shisanhang, there were three big fires, and the last fire completely burned Shisanhang. The first fire was in 1822. A cake shop near Shisanhang caught fire, which affected Shisanhang. The fire burned for two days, and many foreign business halls and foreign firms were burned down. In 1842, the thirteenth line suffered a second fire. In 1856, when the Second Opium War broke out, the British army shelled Guangzhou and burned thirteen lines. All the buildings and goods in the thirteen lines were destroyed in the fire. "The connection between the thirteen lines and the world lies not only in trade. It is the first place where the eastern and western hemispheres blend in all directions in the fields of politics, economy, culture, religion, science and technology, language, art and law. " Lily li, curator of Thirteen Lines Museum, said. Tan Yuanheng, a professor and doctoral supervisor of South China University of Technology, believes that Guangzhou has its own urban pattern, which is the economic pattern naturally formed by commercial trade. From the "Fanfang" in the Middle Ages, the Haizhu Stone Commercial Port in the near ancient times, until the appearance of Guangzhou Thirteen Lines, Guangzhou was well-deserved as the "Millennium Commercial Capital". The formation of the city of Guangzhou,It is similar to Florence, Milan, Venice, Rome and other commercial cities with rich wealth in the west. It is the commercial prosperity since ancient times that created Guangzhou and gave birth to Guangzhou-from the beginning, Guangzhou has the characteristics of a marine and commercial city. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that Shisanxing appeared in Guangzhou, and it was integrated into the world, becoming the earliest commercial leader with modern colors of China. The 13th Guangzhou Tour also has a positive impact on the development of the world economic system. Wang Yuanlin, director and professor of 13th Line Research Center of Guangzhou University, said that 13th Line has a merchant guarantee system, that is, the merchant guarantees many affairs of foreign merchant ships coming to China, bears many responsibilities such as guarantee, and may not owe foreign debts. Once the hong merchants go bankrupt due to debts owed to foreign merchants, other hong merchants will be responsible for sharing the compensation. "This’ sitting together’ guarantee system later became an important reference for the US banking deposit insurance system." Wang Yuanlin said. According to the Secret Files of Foreign Merchants in Qing Dynasty, an American businessman owed Jardine Matheson Wu Bingjian 72,000 silver dollars, which he was unable to repay. When Wu Bingjian tore up the IOUs, he used "Guangzhou English" in his dialogue with American businessmen. New Mission and New Action: Undertaking the historical mission of making friends with the world. Although the back of Guangzhou’s leap into a trillion-dollar city of foreign trade has disappeared in the long river of history, the legacy left by the thirteenth line-the business spirit of facing the world, being the first, being open and innovative, and striving for perfection-has been engraved in Guangzhou’s genes, and Guangzhou has always been at the forefront of China’s foreign trade exchanges. Two hundred years apart, history once again chose Guangzhou in 1951, in order to strengthen the circulation of urban and rural materials,Guangzhou decided to hold an unprecedented material exchange conference called South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference. Twelve permanent and semi-permanent exhibition halls have been built in the original site of Thirteen Lines. This modernist architectural complex also laid the foundation for the development of cultural parks in the future. In 1952, "Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace" was established at the site of the South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference, and became a famous exhibition place for cultural activities at that time. In January 1956, Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace was renamed Guangzhou Cultural Park. From "South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference" to "Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace" and then to "Guangzhou Cultural Park", the names were inscribed by Ye Jianying. Two hundred years after Thirteen Lines were born, history once again chose Guangzhou as the window for China’s foreign trade exchange. On April 25th, 1957, the first floor of Sino-Soviet Friendship Building in Liuhua Road, Guangzhou was filled with gongs and drums, and the first China Export Commodities Fair (hereinafter referred to as the Canton Fair) opened here! "’Poop-poop’ went through the tunnel and the clothes were blackened." At that time, Li Huan, a 31-year-old Hong Kong buyer, arrived at the meeting on a coal-burning train. Without much care, he excitedly squeezed into the cheering crowd. "I have confidence in the sales of domestic products," he recalled fondly. The original intention of the Canton Fair was to meet the needs of economic construction and develop international trade in exchange for foreign exchange. At that time, New China urgently needed to open a channel to connect with the international market, and use the commodity exhibition as a window to display and trade export commodities. The host city of this exhibition should have a foreign trade foundation and a unique geographical advantage.Looking at China at that time, Guangzhou was the best choice: Guangzhou had a long history of foreign trade and was the only trading port in China under the closed door policy of the feudal dynasty for a long time. In terms of location, Guangdong is close to Hong Kong and Macao, which is the most convenient for Hong Kong businessmen. Only Guangzhou in Guangdong can undertake the historical mission of "making friends with the world". The turnover of the first Canton Fair accounted for 20% of the country’s total foreign exchange income in that year, which opened a channel for new China to communicate with the world in the high-pressure international political environment and suffered from "economic blockade" and "goods embargo", and the abbreviation of "Canton Fair" soon became familiar to the world. Since then, the Canton Fair has been held regularly in spring and autumn every year without interruption. Thousands of China enterprises have successfully entered the international market through the Canton Fair, and their export commodities have also changed from primary products to "made in China" and "made in China", and from offline to online and offline integration … On October 15, 2021, the 130th Canton Fair kicked off. During the 65 years from 1957 to 2021, the Canton Fair moved four times in Guangzhou, and the construction area of the exhibition hall expanded from the initial 18,000 square meters to 1.1 million square meters today. The cumulative export turnover of the Canton Fair exceeded US$ 1.4 trillion, accounting for more than 50% of the national export proportion. It has established trade relations with more than 210 countries and regions around the world, and accumulated about 8.8 million overseas buyers flew across the ocean to participate in the conference. The turnover is far from comparable to that of the thirteen banks in that year. In 2021, the total import and export value of Guangzhou’s foreign trade reached 1,082.59 billion yuan.Become a "trillion city of foreign trade". Through the Canton Fair, "gathering customers from all over the world, selling goods from all over the world and selling goods from all over the world" became a reality. In the export painting of Qing Dynasty, a grocery store on the street of Guangzhou. Canton Fair promotes the safe and smooth operation of the global industrial chain and supply chain. On July 19th, 2021, the State Council announced the list of the first batch of cities to cultivate and build an international consumption center. There are five major cities in China, and Guangzhou is the only non-municipality directly under the Central Government. Guangzhou has tasted the "first soup" of cultivating and building an international consumption center city. It is reported that Guangzhou has started the cultivation and construction of an international consumption center city in an all-round way, and it is planned to basically build an intelligent, fashionable and modern international consumption center city facing the world in about five years, so as to realize the transformation from "selling the world" to "selling and buying the world". In 2016, Guangzhou established the 13th Line Museum in Guangzhou on the site of 13th Line Foreign Commercial Pavilion in Qing Dynasty (in Guangzhou Cultural Park). According to Wang Zhen, deputy director of Guangzhou Thirteen Lines Museum, there are more than 4,800 pieces (sets) of cultural relics in the collection, which show the history of Thirteen Lines by means of "cultural relics+historical documents", sand table and electronic animation. "To some extent, Line 13 has a wonderful connection with the Canton Fair." Ye Nong, a professor at China Institute of Cultural History of Jinan University, said this. Cantonese English is very popular. In the process of "one-stop trade" for a long time, Guangzhou people invented a special language-"Guangzhou English". At that time, the inventor of "Guangzhou English" marked the pronunciation of English words in Cantonese, and gradually formed a distinctive one."Local English". After the opening of Shanghai, "Guangzhou English" spread to Shanghai and became the originator of "Pidgin English". Can you understand "Guangzhou English" Chinese: chin-chin, how do you do, long time my no hab see you. (Please, hello! I haven’t seen you for a long time) Foreigner: l can secure hab long time before time my no have come this shop. (It’s really been a long time, I didn’t come to your shop last time) Chinese: Hi-ya, so, eh! What thing wantchee? Oh, really, what do you want? ) foreigner: oh, some little chow-chow thing. you have got some ginger sweet? Oh, I want something small. Do you have any ginger preserves? ) Chinese: Just Now No Got, L Think Canton Habgot Velly Few That Sutemeet. (Not now, I think there are few such candied fruits in Guangzhou) (Excerpted from Wu Yixiong’s "Guangzhou English" and Chinese-Western Communication before the mid-19th century).The deep contact between the first group of people who opened their eyes to the world and foreigners in China made Thirteen Hong Merchants become the first group of people who opened their eyes to the world in China. During the Opium War, thirteen merchants took the lead in donating money to introduce advanced western technology and upgrade the equipment of Guangdong Navy. Pan Shirong devoted himself to imitating the most advanced steamship in the world at that time; Pan Shicheng hired a US naval officer with a high salary to copy the earliest modern mine in China-"Ship Attack Mine"; Zheng Chongqian was the first Chinese to spread the vaccinia law. The Wu family contributed a lot to the introduction of western medicine into China. The Vaccinium Vaccination Bureau, the first hospital in China, and the Ophthalmology Medical Bureau of Peter Peter Parker also received strong support from the Wu family. It can be said that the thirteen-line merchants were the earliest practitioners of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", which was 20 years earlier than the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty. After the end of the "one-stop trade" era, a large number of Guangzhou foreign trade businessmen moved to Shanghai and Hong Kong, forming the first wave of immigration in Shanghai. In the 1950s, Shanghai replaced Guangzhou as the largest trading port in China. What attracted the most attention from Guangdong was no longer goods, but a group of people called "comprador". The original Shanghai foreign firm was "comprador" and "half of it was made by Cantonese people". After arriving in Shanghai, Guangdong Hong merchants bought a large number of properties and real estate, and planned to build a Shanghai version of the "Thirteen Hong Merchants Pavilion" and rent it to foreign businessmen. However, because local officials accepted bribes from British businessmen, Guangdong merchants are nominally property owners of real estate and real estate.However, he was deprived of the right to dispose of real estate and real estate, and was forced to rent it to the British permanently without receiving the rent. Relying on this concession, British businessmen expanded step by step in Shanghai, and finally the Bund was formed in this area. The annotation "line, column also" in "thirteen lines" is "the place where goods live", which is the definition of "line" in ancient books. Guangzhou Shisanhang was a firm specializing in foreign trade in the Qing Dynasty, and it was a monopoly institution designated by the Qing government to specialize in foreign trade. In 1813 and 1837, there happened to be thirteen firms, such as Jardine Matheson of Wu Bingjian, Kwong Lee of Lu Jiguang, Tong Fu of Pan Shaoguang, etc., but the number of the firms varied, ranging from four to more than twenty, and the "thirteen firms" were just the established appellation. The names of banks often change, including Xinglong, Lianxing, Dexing, Zhengxing, Tongxing, Yuanchang, Jinyuan, Yihe and Baoshun. Among them, Pan, Wu, Lu and Ye, the four major merchants, had more property than the national treasury income at that time, and they were truly "extremely rich". According to Wang Zhen, deputy director of the Thirteen Lines Museum in Guangzhou, according to historical records, the Thirteen Lines Site is located in today’s Guangzhou Cultural Park and its surrounding areas, including the China line number and the foreign commercial museum. The China line number is scattered, and some line numbers are outside the Thirteen Lines Street; However, foreign commercial pavilions are relatively concentrated, and the houses are all built facing the Pearl River, like a floating city on the water.

Municipal Science and Technology Bureau, Education Bureau, scientific research institutes, institutions of higher learning and relevant units:

In order to further strengthen the safety management of scientific research laboratories in the province and create a good safety environment for scientific research, the Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province and the Education Department of Jiangsu Province organized the compilation of the ".Operational guidelines for safety risk assessment of scientific research experiments(Trial). Is issued to you, please scientific research institutes, colleges and universities, enterprise research and development institutions with reference to the relevant requirements, conscientiously do a good job.Safety risk assessment of scientific research experimentWork.

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Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology education department of jiangsu

2022yearninemoonsevensun

       (This piece is made public voluntarily)

Operational guidelines for safety risk assessment of scientific research experiments

(Trial)

Further strengthen the laboratory safety management of scientific research institutes, universities, enterprise R&D institutions and other units, implement the policy of "safety first, prevention first, comprehensive management", strengthen risk awareness, enhance risk prevention and control capabilities, and create a good safety environment for scientific research. According to the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Safety in Production, Regulations on Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals, Regulations on Safety in Production in Jiangsu Province, Risk Management Risk Assessment Technology (GB 27921-2000

one Purpose of evaluation

Control the safety risks in the process of scientific research experiments from the source, standardize the activities of hazard identification, risk evaluation and risk control of experiments and experimental projects, reduce or eliminate the occurrence of safety accidents in laboratories and experimental projects, ensure the safe and orderly development of scientific research activities, and earnestly safeguard scientific research.unitLaboratory safety and personnel life safety.

2 area of application

This guide is mainly used forLaboratories of scientific research institutes, universities, enterprise R&D institutions and other units.In the process of scientific research and experiment (or experimental project), the possibility of safety accidents and the risk of potential accident consequences are analyzed and evaluated. Experimental safety risk assessment targets include experimental sites, experimental materials and equipment, experimental personnel, experimental operations, preventive measures, emergency plans, etc. Applicable to existing or new experiments and experimental projects involving dangerous chemicals (including controlled chemicals such as toxic chemicals, explosive chemicals and precursor chemicals, etc.), biology, radiation, electromechanical, laser, special equipment and other possible risks; It can also be used to evaluate the safety status of existing experiments and experimental projects.

This guide cannot replace the risk assessment of biological safety and radiation safety. For projects that may have biological safety risks and radiation safety risks, special risk assessment should also be made according to the requirements and provisions of relevant national laws, regulations and norms.

three management responsibility

unitThe main person in charge is the first person in charge of the safety management of scientific research experiments in this unit, and is fully responsible for the risk management and control of experimental safety.In charge of experimentThe leader of safety work is an important responsible person, assisting the first responsible person to be responsible for the safety management of scientific research experiments. The person in charge of the laboratory or the person in charge of the experimental project is directly responsible for the safety management of scientific research experiments, and is responsible for the risk assessment of the risk factors and risk levels of the experiments and experimental projects. unitLaboratory safety function department in conjunction withScientific research management departments organize, inspect, supervise and guide the risk assessment of experimental safety.

Safety risk assessment should be conducted in advance for experiments or experimental projects that may have safety risks. The unit can only approve whether experiments or experimental projects can be carried out after the conclusion of safety risk assessment and the implementation of rectification measures.

four Basic procedure

4.1 Experiment and experimental project, by the project leader to the unit.Laboratory safety function department in conjunction withThe scientific research management department applies for safety risk assessment.

4.2 After receiving the application for safety risk assessment,Laboratory safety function department in conjunction withThe scientific research management department organized a risk assessment team composed of experimenters, managers and safety experts in related fields.,Formulate an evaluation plan.

4.3 The assessment team conducts safety risk analysis, draws assessment conclusions, puts forward suggestions and measures, forms a safety risk assessment report (table), and returns the assessment results to the person in charge of the experiment or experimental project.

4.4The unit shall record the assessment report of the safety risk assessment project that has been approved; For experiments or experimental projects with significant risks, they shall be submitted to the competent business department for review according to the requirements of the competent business department.

4.5 Experiments and experimental projects can only be carried out after examination and approval.

five Evaluation content

The safety risk assessment of experiments and experimental projects mainly includes:

(oneThe types, quantities, characteristics and possible risks of the hazards involved in the experiment.

(2) the satisfaction and conformity of the conditions, facilities, equipment, technology and management personnel of the experimental site.

(three) The scientificity, rationality and operability of experimental scheme design, experimental operation, protective equipment allocation and safety guarantee measures.

(four) safety education, training and access scheme, laboratory safety management system and measures.

(five) emergency plan, the implementation of the safety responsibility system and other matters of preparation.

(six) storage and disposal of experimental wastes.

six Evaluation process

Basic steps: preliminary preparation, identification and analysis of dangerous and harmful factors, selection of evaluation methods, qualitative or quantitative evaluation, putting forward safety countermeasures and suggestions, making evaluation conclusions, and compiling safety risk assessment reports (tables).

6.1 Preparatory stage

The preliminary preparation work includes: defining the evaluation target and scope, setting up an evaluation team, compiling various questionnaires, preparing technical documents (collecting relevant domestic laws, regulations, rules, standards and specifications, etc.), conducting on-the-spot investigation on the basic data of the evaluated object, and conducting on-the-spot investigation and accurately recording the investigation results.

6.1.1 Establish the objectives, scope and principles of risk assessment.

6.1.2 Set up an evaluation team.

6.1.3 Collect relevant information and conduct preliminary investigation and analysis, including:

①Relevant domestic laws, regulations, rules, standards, norms, etc.;②Basic information of the experimental project: the main items involved in the experimental projectexperimentMaterials (including chemicals/Types, quantities, storage methods, physical and chemical properties and hazardous characteristics of reagents, special gases, etc.); Main experimental instruments/Type, quantity and safety protection of equipment (especially special equipment); Experimental steps and operation methods; Measures, conditions and facilities for explosion prevention, fire prevention and poisoning prevention in the experimental site; Qualification and training of laboratory personnel; Safety management system; Emergency plans and drills, etc.;③On-site investigation;④Seek expert advice;⑤Other supplementary information, such as similar safety accident cases.

6.1.4 Develop a risk assessment plan.

The assessment team formulates a risk assessment plan.The contents of the evaluation plan generally include:①Purpose of evaluation;②Evaluation basis;③Evaluation principle;④Scope of assessment;⑤ Division of tasks; ⑥appraisal procedure;⑦Work plan for each stage of risk assessment;⑧Time schedule of implementation.

The risk assessment plan should be issued and implemented by the main person in charge of the unit (or its authorized person in charge)..

If there is too little relevant information, so that the risk assessmentworkWhen it is difficult to carry out, some risk reduction measures can be introduced in a targeted manner to reduce the risk of some key links and simplify the evaluation scheme.

6.2 Evaluation stage  

Carry out analysis and evaluation according to the risk assessment plan. Through hazard identification and analysis, field investigation, and qualitative and quantitative evaluation of hazard factors.

6.2.1 Identification and analysis of dangerous and harmful factors. Identify hazards and various dangerous and harmful factors, identify risks, and analyze and judge the degree of safety risks. Focus on the analysis and listing of dangerous chemicals, experimental procedures and operating methods, the use of special equipment, emergency treatment and other aspects of the dangerous and harmful factors.

6.2.2 Select evaluation method. According to the characteristics of experiments and experimental projects, scientific, reasonable and applicable qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods are selected for overall evaluation and analysis. Capable of quantitative evaluationsuitableUse quantitative evaluation methods, and semi-quantitative or qualitative evaluation methods can be used if quantitative evaluation is not possible. For different experimental stages or links, different evaluation methods can be selected according to the needs of evaluation and the characteristics of experimental links. When necessary, several analysis and evaluation methods can be selected to evaluate the same evaluation object, which are complementary, comprehensive and mutually verified to improve the accuracy of the analysis and evaluation results.

6.2.3 Qualitative or quantitative evaluation. Using the selected evaluation method, combined with field investigation, and referring to the possibility and severity of accidents or acute occupational hazards caused by dangerous and harmful factors in similar experimental activities, qualitative and quantitative evaluation and analysis can be carried out.

6.2.4 Safety countermeasures and suggestions. According to the identification, analysis results and qualitative and quantitative analysis results of dangerous and harmful factors, this paper puts forward targeted safety countermeasures and suggestions from the aspects of experimental site conditions, experimental materials and equipment, experimental methods, personnel education and training, emergency response capability and safety management.

6.2.5 Evaluation conclusion.Summarize the evaluation results of experimental materials, instruments and equipment, experimental process (technology), safety management and protective measures; List the experimental itemsThe existing risks, as well as the hazards and hazardous factors that should be mainly prevented and controlled, point out the existing problems, determine the hazard categories, predict the possibility and severity of major accidents, and put forward the key safety countermeasures to be taken.andFeasibility of reducing security risks.

6.3 Prepare safety risk assessment report

refer toAQ 8001See appendix for the format of safety risk assessment report.D.

seven reappraise

experimentScheme orExperiment (technology)If there is any major adjustment in the process.Whole or wholeappearoriginallyMajor safety risks not found during the assessment, the project leadershouldRe-evaluate the safety risk according to the process, and take effective control and preventive measures in time.

(oneRelevant policies, regulations and standards have changed;

(2) After a safety accident or incident;

(threeWhen new equipment, materials, methods, personnel, environment, etc. are changed or the structure and function of the laboratory are changed, including before the tasks performed by the laboratory partition where substances are stored or used are changed; 

(four) change the workflow.

eight Risk grade determination

From high to low, the risk level of experimental safety is divided into major risk (level 1), major risk (level 2), general risk (level 3) andLow risk (level 4) four levels.

Level 1 (red): significant risk. It is extremely dangerous and cannot be carried out.In the experiment, control measures should be supplemented immediately in order to reduce the risk level, and regular inspection, measurement and evaluation should be carried out;

Level 2 (orange): greater risk. High risk, immediate rectification, supplementary control measures, regular inspection, measurement and evaluation;

Level 3 (yellow): general risk. Significant danger, need to be rectified, establish goals, establish operating procedures, and strengthen training and communication;

Level 4 (blue): low risk.lowerDanger, need to pay attention to, improve the control measures in time.

The conclusions obtained by different risk analysis and evaluation methods may be different, so the one with the highest risk level should be selected as the risk level of the project.

Experiments and experimental projects adopt a safety risk classification and classification management mechanism. Effective safety prevention and control measures and emergency plans should be formulated and strictly implemented for experiments and experimental projects with risk level above level 3, and experiments can be carried out only after being examined and confirmed by the unit, and relevant materials should be filed.

According to the relevant national and industrial regulations, norms and standards, the classification of experiments and experimental projects and the division of risk levels are adjusted in a timely manner (see AnnexC）。

Appendix A 

Risk assessment flow chart

 

 

picture1  Risk assessment flow chart

appendixB

 Risk assessment method

 According to the characteristics of experiments and experimental projects, comprehensive analysis, qualitative and quantitative evaluation are generally carried out by using hazard analysis method of working conditions, pre-hazard analysis method, analogy method and checklist analysis method.

(1)Hazard analysis method (LEC)

Hazard analysis method for working conditions (Graham–Ginny method is a semi-quantitative risk assessment method for workers working in occupational hazardous environment. The evaluation principle is: the quantitative risk value of operating conditions (D) depends on three factors, (one) the possibility of an accident (L）； (2) Frequency of exposure of workers to dangerous working environment (E）； (three) The severity of possible consequences in the event of an accident (C）。 Represented by a simplified formula is:D=L×E×C

amongDThe greater the value, the greater the danger of the operation. Danger of working conditionsDSee table for the classification of values.2.

table1  Hazard classification table

L、E、CSee table for the range of the three factors.2, tablethree, tablefour.

table2   L-Accident possibility score

table3   E-Frequency score of exposure to dangerous environment

table4   C-Consequence score caused by accident

 

(2) Pre-hazard analysisway

Pre-hazard analysis (PHA) is a system safety analysis method that makes a macro and general analysis of various risk factors (categories and distributions), occurrence conditions and possible consequences of accidents in the system before an activity (such as an experiment). Its purpose is to find the potential risk factors of the system at an early stage, determine the risk level of the system, and put forward corresponding preventive measures to prevent these risk factors from developing into accidents and avoid thoughtlessness.The losses caused are qualitative evaluation. That is to say, discuss, analyze and determine the dangerous and harmful factors existing in the system, their triggering conditions and phenomena, the causes and events that caused the accident, the accident types, the accident consequences and the danger level, and put forward the safety precautions that should be taken.

(one) Pre-hazard analysis step

① Fully investigate the purpose, process, operating conditions and surrounding environment of the experiment;

② Collect past experience and accidents in similar experiments, judge whether similar situations will occur in the objects to be analyzed, and find out the dangers that can cause material losses and personal injuries;

③ Determine the hazard source according to experience, technical diagnosis and other methods;

④ Identify the conditions of dangerous transformation and study the trigger conditions of dangerous factors transforming into accidents;

⑤ Carry out risk classification, determine the degree of risk, and find out the dangerous sources that should be controlled emphatically;

⑥ Formulate risk prevention measures.

(2) risk classification

PHAThe result of the analysis is expressed by the risk grade. Danger can be divided into four grades, as shown in table.five.

tablefive  Hazard classification table

(three) evaluation results

Pre-risk assessment analysis adopts the following tabular form (Tablesix) Submit the results.

table6  Hazard pre-analysis table (sample table)

 

(four) analysis summary

Through the pre-risk assessment and analysis, the main risks and risk grades of experiments or experimental projects are obtained.

For all kinds of possible dangers and harmful factors, preliminary preventive countermeasures and measures are put forward one by one in the risk pre-analysis table.

(3) analogy method

Through the safety investigation of the same or similar projects as the experimental projects to be evaluated, and the analysis of relevant experimental documents and technical data, it is proposed to evaluate the types and degree of hazards and harmful factors of the experimental projects by analogy, assess the possible hazards and harmful factors, and predict the control effect of the proposed safety protection measures.

(4) Checklist analysis method

According to the national laws, regulations, technical specifications and standards related to occupational safety and health, as well as operating procedures and production safety accident cases, through detailed analysis and research on the experimental items to be evaluated, the inspection units, parts, items, contents and requirements are listed, and a table is compiled to check the compliance one by one to determine the safety problems, defects and potential hazards of the experimental items to be evaluated.

appendixC

Classification and risk level of experiments and experimental projects

 

1. According to the characteristics of hazardous sources involved in experiments and experimental projects, they can be divided into six categories: chemistry, biology, radiation, electromechanical, special equipment and others from the perspective of safety.

(a) experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving chemical reactions and chemicals belong to the chemical category. The main hazards areExplosive,Flammable and explosive,be poisonedSexual, corrosive and other dangers.chemistryProduct.

(two) experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving microorganisms and experimental animals belong to the biological category. The main hazards are microorganisms (infectious disease pathogens, etc.), animals and other biological factors that endanger the safety of individuals or groups.

(3) Experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving radioactive sources and radiation devices are classified as radiation. The main hazard source is radioactive material.

(four) experimental sites (or experimental items) involving mechanical, electrical, high temperature and high pressure equipment and instruments.Item) belongs to electromechanical category. The main hazards are machining high-speed equipment and high-speed equipment.electricityPressure and high current equipment, excitationOptical equipment, heating equipment, etc.

(five) experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving lifting machinery, boilers and pressure vessels (including gas cylinders) belong to special equipment. The main hazard source is the equipment itself, and the lifting machinery may cause heavy objects falling, crane instability, tilting, squeezing, falling from a height and other hazards; Boiler may cause material failure, explosion or leakage due to overtemperature and overpressure, resulting in mechanical damage, scald and other hazards; The pressure vessel may cause explosion or gas leakage and other hazards due to thermal overpressure, mechanical damage and unqualified pressure reducing valve.

(six) experimental sites (or experimental projects) that do not involve the above-mentioned hazard sources belong to other categories. The main hazard source is the safety risk of electricity and water caused by facilities and equipment such as electricity and water.

Second, according to the hazards used in the experiment.(experimental materials, instruments and equipment, etc.)The degree of danger,And whether a large number of dangerous experimental materials are stored in the experimental site,The experimental safety risk levels of experiments and experimental projects are divided into four levels from high to low: major risk (level I, red), major risk (level II, orange), general risk (level III, yellow) and low risk (level IV, blue).

(a) involving the use ofExplosives, spontaneous combustion,Inflammable and explosivewait forDangerous chemicals with physical hazards, andHighly toxic and easy to make drugs.Easy to explode, narcotics and psychotropic substancesControl chemicals or drugs, etc.Highly pathogenic microorganisms, radioactive sources, etc.; Or a large number of dangerous chemicals or controlled drugs are stored on site than the experimental requirements.It is a first-class safety risk experiment and experimental project.

(two) involving the use of other dangerous chemicals, low pathogenic microorganisms, experimental animals, pressure vessels, laser equipment, strong magnetic equipment, etc., for the second-level safety risk experiments and experimental projects.

(3) It involves the use of hoisting machinery, high-speed equipment, rotary machinery, cold and hot equipment (refrigerators, ovens, muffle furnaces, etc.), high-power charging and discharging devices, high-voltage equipment, etc., and is a three-level safety risk experiment and experimental project.

(4) Experiments or experimental projects not listed in the above three categories are four-level safety risk experiments and experimental projects.

Three, the above division of experimental safety risk level, after the experimental materials, equipment, experimental technology, operation methods, personnel qualifications, environmental conditions,Protective measures, etcAfter the comprehensive risk assessment of factors, if the risk degree increases, it should be adjusted according to the comprehensive assessment results.Experimental safety risk level of experiments and experimental projects.
appendixD Compilation format of safety risk assessment report

 

××××××Experimental safety risk assessment report

I. Overview of experimental projects

one. Brief introduction of experimental project

2. Purpose of evaluation

three. Evaluation basis

four. Scope of risk assessment

five. Risk assessment method

Second, the experimental process (process) introduction

Third, hazard identification.Identification and analysis

Fourth, qualitative and quantitative evaluation

one. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation

2. assessment result

V. Safety countermeasures and suggestions

one. Put forward targeted safety countermeasures and measures.

2. Supplementary suggestion

VI. Conclusion of Safety Risk Assessment

 

××××××Experimental safety risk assessment form

Instructions for filling in the form:

1.Please fill in the corresponding column when the laboratory does not involve dangerous sources.“without"; When the form is not enough, please add it yourself.

2.This report is made in triplicate, one for the project leader, the secondary unit and the competent business department, and the copy is valid.

riverIssued by the Office of Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province on September 13, 2022

Attachment:Notice on printing and distributing guidelines for risk assessment of scientific experiments

CCTV News:At present, Zika virus is still spreading in parts of South America and Latin America, and there is no effective drug to inhibit the infection of this virus. Recently, the research team of Tianjin University published a paper in the international authoritative academic journal protein and Cell, saying that the mystery of Zika virus replication was uncovered for the first time, which will provide an important basis for developing anti-Zika virus drugs.

According to experts, the scientific community has not found the means to inhibit Zika virus so far, and the important reason is that it is impossible to understand the replication process and mechanism of this virus. Since February this year, the research team of Tianjin University has started a research project on Zika virus, and has achieved important research results recently.

According to Tian Hongliang, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University:In the process of virus replication, almost all viruses need a protein called helicase. Our research team’s main work is to analyze the three-dimensional spatial structure of Zika virus helicase and the three-dimensional spatial structure of Zika virus helicase recognizing its genome.

Helicase protein

This protein, called helicase, plays an important role in the first step of Zika virus replication. Because the Zika virus genome exists in a double-stranded state, it is impossible to replicate the gene in this state, so it must be split into two, and the helicase is equivalent to a pair of scissors, which can cut the genome into two pieces and achieve replication, but this pair of scissors has never been exposed before, so the mechanism of virus replication is unknown. The research results of Tianjin University’s research team reveal the three-dimensional image of a single molecule of gyrase, and thus unlock the secret of how Zika virus replicates.

Janet, a professor at the School of Life Sciences, University of Michigan, USA, who has been working on Zika virus research, said that this is crucial to stop the spread of Zika virus from the root and develop drugs against Zika virus.

【 Hazards of Zika virus 】

In 2013 and 2015, during the outbreak of Seca in French Polynesia and Brazil, it was reported that Zika virus disease might cause neurological and autoimmune complications. In the outbreak of Zika in Brazil in 2015, many newborns with microcephaly were found (the ratio of head circumference of newborns to matched children of the same sex and gestational age was lower than the average by more than two standard deviations). From May 2015 to January 2016, it was reported that 4000 pregnant women infected with Zika virus gave birth to microcephaly, which was 20 times higher than that in previous years.

[The Rio Olympics has not been affected by Zika virus so far]

Brazilian Health Minister Castro met with the ambassadors of EU member states here on February 16th, and assured them on behalf of the government that the current outbreak of Zika disease would not affect the Rio Olympic Games this year.

Part of the text comes from: Xinhua News Agency

Although not excellent, it can also reach the mainstream level of the same level. The following small series will tell you in detail.

Let’s look at the appearance of the zero-run T03 first. The front of the zero-run T03 presents a simple design style, which makes people unforgettable. Coupled with the fashionable headlights, the design took the sports route. The car is equipped with automatic opening and closing, delayed closing and so on. Coming to the side of the car body, the size of the car body is 3620 mm * 1652 mm * 1592 mm. The car adopts deep lines, and the side wall presents an avant-garde design style, which is eye-catching with large-size thick-walled tires. In the rear part, the rear looks very simple, and the taillights look very fashionable and concise.

Coming into the car T03, the front face of T03 looks very fashionable and simple, which reflects the sense of design. The steering wheel design of this car is very comfortable, and it is equipped with functions such as manual adjustment of the steering wheel up and down, which looks a bit more capable. Let’s take a look at the central control. The car is equipped with a touch-sensitive LCD central control screen, which makes the interior style impressive and conforms to the mainstream aesthetics. The dashboard and seats give people a good feeling, too. Let’s take a look. The dashboard design is remarkable and looks simple. The car uses leather seats, which are wrapped in place and have good support and comfort.

The zero-run T03 is 80KW, the total torque is 158N.m, and the maximum speed is 100km/h..

The car is equipped with traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.), Bluetooth /WIFI connection, cruise control, voice control, intelligent key and other configurations, and the configuration performance is relatively good, which improves the convenience of drivers to some extent.

What’s your main impression of this car after reading the whole article? I wonder if you are excited about this car introduced today?

In terms of appearance, the overall shape of the new ct4 is consistent with the overseas version, and the latest family-style design language is also adopted. The front face adopts a large-size black shield grille with brand logo, which looks very dynamic. The teary-eyed headlights on both sides make the new car look more fashionable. At the same time, the new car also uses a sporty front surround and adds black decoration to make it more sporty.

For the interior, the latest family-style design style is adopted, equipped with the latest three-position steering wheel and shift paddles, and the overall interior style is more sporty. In terms of configuration, the new car will provide 8.0-inch LCD screen, moli leather seat, bose audio, active noise reduction, front seat heating and ventilation, second generation, panoramic image, panoramic sunroof and other configurations.

The length, width and height are 4760×1815×1428mm, respectively, and the wheelbase has reached 2775mm, ranking eighth in the same class. This size exceeds most models in its class. The actual interior space performance is also very good. From the actual ride experience, the front and rear rows are relatively spacious. The design of skylight also increases the subjective space feeling of front and rear passengers. Among the models of the same price and class, the trunk volume of Cadillac CT4 ranks fifth. Spatial performance is limited by vehicle positioning, and the performance is acceptable, and the flatness is no problem, but the total space is average.

Cadillac CT428T Premium Edition uses a 2.0 engine, with a maximum horsepower of 237 and a peak torque of 350, matching the automatic manual transmission (AT). It will definitely bring unforgettable control charm. The official measured acceleration of Cadillac CT4 is 6.9S, ranking 7th among 180,000-250,000 medium-sized cars.

The active/passive safety configuration of Cadillac CT4 is complete, includingAutomatic parking、Zero tire pressure endurance tire、Automatic parking、Steep slope descent、hill start assist control、knee airbag、HUD head-up display、Anti-lock braking (ABS)、Braking force distribution (EBD/CBC, etc.)、Brake assist (EBA/BAS, etc.)、Traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.)、Active noise reduction、Engine start and stop、Side safety air curtain、Wireless charging of mobile phone、night vision system、LED daytime running lights、Forward reversing radar、Tire pressure monitoring、Steering wheel heating、Body stability control (ESP/DSC, etc.)、Rear reversing radar、Fatigue reminder、Remote parking、Child seat interface、Lane keeping (LKAS)Equal configuration.

Among them,Automatic parkingYou can avoid stepping on the brakes for a long time or needing to pull frequently;Steep slope descentCan safely pass through steep slope road conditions at low speed;knee airbagReduce the injury of the car interior to the occupant’s knees in the secondary collision.

If the above data and participation can’t fully understand Cadillac CT4, then we can give you a more comprehensive reference based on the word-of-mouth information of users who have purchased Cadillac CT4 in history. It can be seen that what everyone is most satisfied with the Cadillac CT4 is that its acceleration is very powerful. In addition, the appearance is very consistent and the appearance of the car is handsome, which is what everyone likes about it.

In terms of appearance, the new Buick gs adopts a brand-new design concept of three-dimensional spreading wings and three-dimensional aesthetics. The front face adopts a family-style design with higher recognition, and the air intake grille is wider. The middle net adopts a black honeycomb design with a brand-new Buick logo, which looks very textured. At the same time, the headlights on both sides are sharp in shape, and the interior adopts a full led light source. After the L-shaped led daytime running light is lit, it is highly recognizable, and the lower air intake adopts a wider honeycomb design.

In the interior, the new car follows the design style of the current model, adopting an all-embracing cockpit, and the all-black interior with red stitching is very sporty. In addition, the new car is equipped with a new style, gear handle, 8.0-inch central control panel and other configurations. At the same time, the new car is also equipped with Buick’s new generation of intelligent interconnection system econnect, with functions such as ota remote upgrade and navigation service.

Weilang’s car is 4688mm long, with a body width of 1786mm and a wheelbase of 2700mm, which is quite satisfactory. In the same class, Weilang’s wheelbase ranks 22nd. The interior space of the car is relatively spacious at the same level, the height and width of the car are ideal, and the legroom in the back row will not feel cramped, which belongs to the upper-middle level at the same level. The skylight of Weilang Pro GS 1.5T Blast Edition provides a larger view, which can create a better visual environment and good sensitivity for the rear passengers and increase the light entrance for the whole vehicle. Among the models of the same price and class, Weilang’s trunk volume ranks seventh. The storage space in the car is quite satisfactory and basically sufficient. The interior space of the luggage compartment is relatively regular, with very good longitudinal depth and high expansibility, and the space performance is generally ideal.

Buick Weilang is equipped with a combination of 1.5 turbocharged engine (direct injection) and continuously variable transmission (CVT). 1.5 The power performance of the engine is quite satisfactory when it is matched on the Willan, and the low torque is weak and the hysteresis can be felt. Weilang’s official measured zero-acceleration score is 7.7S, ranking 26th among 120,000-180,000 compact car models.

Weilang’s active/passive safety configuration is complete, includingAutomatic parking、Zero tire pressure endurance tire、Automatic parking、Steep slope descent、hill start assist control、knee airbag、HUD head-up display、Anti-lock braking (ABS)、Braking force distribution (EBD/CBC, etc.)、Brake assist (EBA/BAS, etc.)、Traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.)、Active noise reduction、Engine start and stop、Side safety air curtain、Wireless charging of mobile phone、night vision system、LED daytime running lights、Forward reversing radar、Tire pressure monitoring、Steering wheel heating、Body stability control (ESP/DSC, etc.)、Rear reversing radar、Fatigue reminder、Remote parking、Child seat interface、Lane keeping (LKAS)Equal configuration.

Among them,Automatic parkingYou can avoid stepping on the brakes for a long time or needing to pull frequently;Steep slope descentCan safely pass through steep slope road conditions at low speed;knee airbagReduce the injury of the car interior to the occupant’s knees in the secondary collision.

In addition to the above description, we can also go to the Easy Car Forum to browse more real car feedback from actual buyers, or use our experience.

　 　 　 　On February 27, a piece of news touched the hearts of hundreds of millions of people. Mr. Wu Mengda, a famous Hong Kong movie star, died of liver cancer at the age of 69.

　 　 　 　The most exciting actor who grew up in Hong Kong with us in the video studio is gone! It also took away the youth of the post-70s and post-80s generation, the gold medal supporting actor who was so fascinating in the movie, and the memories of the golden age of Hong Kong movies for generations of Chinese!

　 　 　 　The last big screen film that Uncle Da shot before his death, the main theme of the war blockbuster "Entrance to the Sea" with the anti-terrorism operation of the naval special forces as the theme has been pushed on the hot search! Fans are full of expectations for this film that will appear in this year’s National Day file. This is a film about the heroic and tenacious battle between a naval special forces in our country and overseas illegal interest organizations, and finally successfully recapture our country’s important marine scientific research achievements, defend national property and people’s lives. Uncle Da successfully played a patriotic scientist who mastered marine high-tech achievements in the film. This role is Uncle Da’s wish and echoes the last Weibo in his life "I am Chinese"

　 　 　 　As Uncle Da’s last big-screen movie, "Sea Crossing", was highly anticipated. The reporter contacted the film’s producers and some staff, and also learned about a more authentic Uncle Da behind the scenes.

　 　 　 　On the screen, every wonderful performance of Uncle Da actually comes from the dedication and dedication behind it.

　 　 　 　The crew staff revealed that Uncle Da’s usual behavior is to "two without" on the set, one without a script, and the other without an assistant.

　 　 　 　Without a script, it was Uncle Da who would try to figure out the characters and lines again and again before filming, memorizing them by heart. Every time the director came to the scene and told everyone about the next scene and asked the actors to match the words, some actors asked what the content of the scene was! The director would say: "You asked Uncle Da!" The content of each scene was carefully installed in Uncle Da’s mind. Because of his good homework, Uncle Da never brought a script to the scene.

　 　 　 　Uncle Da is approachable from producers to directors, down to the production staff. Uncle Da respects every staff member, and his easygoing humility can always be integrated with everyone. He keeps saying, "Everyone works harder than me!" Someone asked Uncle Da, "At your age, you should bring an assistant to help you take care of the scene work!" Uncle Da quipped, "Isn’t every brother on the scene my assistant?"

　 　 　 　The filmmakers who have worked with Uncle Da know one thing, as long as Uncle Da is in the group! Every day, the whole group will be invited to have afternoon tea, hamburgers + coffee, to reward everyone, and to agree to Uncle Da’s words that everyone is too hard! In the movie "Entrance to the Sea", the crew still maintains this tradition, and each time the guests are invited to spend nearly 10,000 yuan. When the whole team shouts "Thank you Uncle Da!", the 69-year-old Uncle Da smiles from ear to ear, like a child, he often says a sentence: "The actors can call it a day after the play! The staff work the hardest from morning to night!" No wonder Uncle Da is so popular! The audience in the play loves it, and the peers outside the play support it.

　 　 　 　As we all know, Uncle Da’s heart had been operated on, and his body was already weak, but Uncle Da dedicated himself to the role as always for the film career he loved. When Uncle Da was filming the role of marine scientist in "Sea Clash", the production department of the crew was full of worries, because the film was filmed for the first time on the country’s most important weapon, the combustible ice mining platform, climbing from the sea to the platform as high as 100 meters, and the climbing stairs were built with simple scaffolds. A healthy young man was out of breath every time he went up, which was even more difficult for Uncle Da. The production department tried their best, but it could not be achieved due to the situation on site. Uncle Da did not complain. He climbed up and down again and again, and often needed to rest many times before he could move forward. The staff who took care of Uncle Da repeatedly advised Uncle Da to slow down and slow down, but Uncle Da always tried his best to stay optimistic! Persist and persevere!

Poster signed by Mr. Wu Mengda for "Sea-to-Sea Clash"

　 　 　 　In fact, behind Uncle Da’s insistence, we see the virtues of the artist, the reverence for the profession, and the love for movies!

　 　 　 　Uncle Da’s classic interpretation is too much! Cao Dahua eats soft rice hard, Salted Egg Superman Ghost King Da, Bone Mianmao Hai Gonggong, Bajie reincarnation second master, he is gone but the happiness left to us is still there! Thank you, Uncle Da…

　 　 　 　Uncle Da reserved the last wonderful performance for "Encounter to the Sea". We sincerely hope that this movie can live up to expectations and draw a perfect end to Uncle Da’s brilliant film career!… At that time, we will be reunited with Uncle Da in the movie…

　 　 　 　Pretending to be happy and sad all his life, and tasting joys and sorrows all over his half life.

    Recently, the State Sports General Administration announced the second batch of national sports fitness model cities (districts) and national sports fitness model counties (cities, districts) were shortlisted, and 12 counties (cities, districts) including Qingdao, Dongying and Binzhou in Shandong Province and Zichuan District in Zibo City were shortlisted, ranking among the top in the country. Previously, Rizhao City, Chengyang District of Qingdao City and Boxing County of Binzhou City have been shortlisted for the first batch of national national fitness model cities and counties. Taking the exemplary creation as the starting point, the public service level of national fitness at all levels in the province has been continuously improved.

    At the same time, in accordance with the unified deployment of the province, cities actively promote new sports consumption, launch a number of characteristic sports events, create a number of outdoor sports quality products, launch a number of ice and snow sports demonstration projects, and create six excellent sports tourism routes at or above the provincial level.

    At present, the framework of Shandong national fitness system and the work pattern of "large groups" have been continuously improved. Create a "three-edge" sports belt along the Yellow River, the coast and the canal, and promote the integration of sports and education, sports and health, and sports and tourism in depth. Sports have made great progress in helping rural revitalization, and the national fitness atmosphere has become increasingly strong, and the quality of public services for national fitness has been comprehensively improved.

    Qiao Yunping, director of the Provincial Sports Bureau, said that this year we will continue to improve the construction of fitness facilities around the masses. Intensify the implementation of the short-board project of national fitness facilities, promote the supporting construction and daily management of sports facilities in urban residential areas, vigorously promote the implementation of the "four synchronizations" of community public sports facilities, and basically build a "fifteen-minute" fitness circle in urban communities in the province.

    Efforts have been made to expand the new carrier of national fitness and green convenience. Since the "14th Five-Year Plan", 77 large-scale sports parks have been built, renovated or expanded in our province, and the target tasks have been overfulfilled ahead of schedule, with a total of 165, and 15 more will be added during the year.

    In-depth promotion of national fitness facilities will be carried out, the maintenance and management of public fitness facilities will be promoted, and more than 100,000 pieces of sports equipment will be inspected and updated in time every year. At the same time, national fitness facilities such as intelligent fitness stations, intelligent fitness trails and national fitness halls will be vigorously built to continuously improve the level of intelligence.

    Guided by brand events, the national fitness events in our province are vigorously carried out. Last year, the National Fitness Games and the Winter National Fitness Games continued to be successfully held, with the number of participants exceeding 5 million, 13,000 community sports games, more than 50,000 mass sports events in the province, and the Shandong Intellectual Games and the Children’s Sports Conference were held for the first time.

    The construction of fitness facilities has been solidly promoted. The coverage rate of national fitness projects in counties and townships in the province has increased to 97.2%, and the per capita sports ground area in the province has reached 2.9 square meters. At present, the proportion of people who regularly take part in physical exercise in our province is 41.3%, and there are more than 48,000 sports social organizations and 258,000 social sports instructors at all levels.

    At present, all public stadiums and gymnasiums in the province and more than 2,000 school sports venues are open to the outside world. Coordinate central and provincial subsidies to support 136 public stadiums and gymnasiums to open to the public free of charge or at low fees, and set up more than 90 social supervisors for the opening of public stadiums and gymnasiums to continuously promote the standardized opening of public stadiums and gymnasiums and improve the service level.

    Rural sports continue to develop. The province has established 16 national and provincial demonstration bases for farmers’ physical fitness activities. In 2023, 4,091 "Four Games" of rural sports were held, and "Village Super" and "Village BA" and other events flourished everywhere.

    We will further promote the integration of sports and health, start 304 pilot projects of sports and health integration, and innovatively carry out the "Joint Action of Paying Attention to Adolescent Spinal Health". Regularly carry out national physical fitness testing, and provide testing and fitness guidance services to more than 100,000 people every year.

    At the same time, every year, our province carries out "Sports Volunteer and Civilized Practice", national fitness volunteer preaching, champion charity trip and other national fitness volunteer service activities, and has created 151 provincial-level national fitness volunteer service excellent sites. Forty-four projects were selected into the National Library of National Fitness Volunteer Service, and three projects were selected into the excellent cases of National Fitness Volunteer Service in 2023.

Author: Night 1986

The rankings are in no order. After all, everyone has their own list. 1. The Book of Gone with the Times, written by Ji Cha, was originally written by Ji Cha when she returned to the harem. With the help of a blind fortune teller, the protagonist travels through troubled times and makes his own world. This book has been updated with 2.34 million words, and it is not finished yet.

Second, "If you cultivate immortality in the troubled times of Yaowu", the author Wen Chaogong, opened the book in 2023, and ended that year, with 3.54 million words in ten months. The protagonist can cross two worlds and be Nuo Nuo in the world of cultivating immortals. He can strike hard in the world of low martial arts and rely on the resources of the world of low martial arts to cultivate immortals in the world of cultivating immortals.

Third, "Dining Table of the Tang Dynasty", written by Yi and 2, is the theme of returning to the Tang Dynasty after Yi and 2 wrote "Brick of the Tang Dynasty". Compared with brick of the Tang Dynasty, the dining table of the Tang Dynasty has more sense of honor for the nation and the country. Everyone in the world, what’s going on in the world, is just a series of dishes on the table of Datang people. 3.86 million words have been updated, which is not finished.

Fourth, "The Traveler of the Spiritual Realm", the author bought Xiao Langjun, a supernatural urban sci-fi power stream, and sold the newspaper Xiao Lang, according to another masterpiece after "Da Feng Da Geng Ren", which won the first place in many lists on the first day of its release. The story is fascinating and I can’t stop. 4.1 million words have been updated, not finished.

5. "Deep Sea embers", the author Yuan Tong, the protagonist crossed a strange world and unexpectedly became ghost captain, constantly exploring the world. At the beginning, the readers were full of curiosity, and his ship was named Lost Hometown, which made us smile. 2.32 million words have been updated, which is not finished.

Six, "This game is too real", the author Morningstar LL, this is a behind-the-scenes black hand flow, the protagonist crossed the wasteland world and obtained a refuge system that can summon the fourth natural disaster player, so he became the manager of the game and fooled a number of players to work for themselves and successfully embarked on the peak of life. Let other players give him a super double 007 job. 6.63 million words have been updated, which is not finished.

Seven, "National Forensic Medicine", the author Zhiniao Village, this book is a stream of urban systems. The protagonist can improve the skills of forensic doctors by acquiring forensic systems and assisting in solving crimes. This book combines professionalism and interest, and the case description is true, which makes us feel immersive when reading. This book has been updated to 2.42 million words, and it is not finished.

Eight, "Red Heart Survey", the author’s feelings, this book has just come out and no one cares, feeling that it is going to save the street. Now it is in the top 5 of the monthly list. It is a novel that is a late bloomer and is also a Xianxia type. The physical book of this book has been sold on the whole network, with 7.64 million words updated and not finished.

Nine, "Beyond Time", the author Ergen, this is the sixth novel of Ergen, and it is still a consistent Xianxia. It incorporates the elements of eschatology and gangsters. The protagonist is decisive and intelligent, and is known as the protagonist who is most like Wang Lin in Ergen’s works. After experiencing a short trough, my ears returned to the top stream with this book. This book has been updated to 3.25 million words, and it is not finished.

Ten, "The Ring of Destiny", the author loves diving squid, the sequel to "The Mysterious World", has dominated many lists since its debut, and has won the title of golden keyboard in 2023, but there are many controversies, such as wanting to see the first story of the mysterious Lord, but it is not. Slow pace, etc. 4.1 million words have been updated, not finished.

I really admire the authors of these online novels. Their brains are open and they have all kinds of topics. Some of them are very real, but I didn’t expect it to be my own experience.

This article comes from what is worth buying website (www.smzdm.com).

Special topic: news channel special program commemorating the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up.

Enter [Chao Wen Tian Xia] > >

　　　　CCTV News (Chao Wen Tian Xia): Today we will talk about taking pictures. People in China like to take pictures. Now, people can be seen holding all kinds of digital cameras and camcorders on any occasion, and they can take pictures on their mobile phones all the time. But 30 years ago, taking pictures was an expensive thing, and families had to wear the most beautiful clothes to take a group photo.

　　　　This photo was left in 2007. A group of old photographers and old customers in Nanjing got together again, and the old master took pictures of the customers with the old seagull license plate camera. Look at the master’s hand. This is a film box. Every time you take a picture, you have to change it. The red cloth is used for shading. Moreover, most of these cameras can only take black and white photos, and the requirements for lighting are very high. Now it is not easy to see such a scene.

　　　　With such a machine, film is very precious, and there is usually only one chance to take a photo, which also requires a high degree of photographers. Unlike now, photographers will take many samples and customers can choose at will. What the master holds in his right hand is actually the shutter of a camera. Experienced photographers will observe it carefully, and then they will seize the opportunity to pinch the ball, even if they are photographed. At that time, people were all amazed at this thing, and vividly called this kind of photo "pinch shadow".

　　　　改革开放初期，国营照相馆大多使用这样的座机，这是上世纪70年代末，北京王府井大街南口的中国照相馆，当年，中国照相馆这个响亮的字号闻名中外，门前常常会看到，一大早就有几百人在这里排队等候照像，但每天只发放200个号，如果拍四张黑白照片，大概需要100多块钱，那是很多职工三四个月的工资。

　　　　这幅照片拍摄于1985年11月，很多国内游客在黄山观看西海日落的景象，仔细看看，几乎所有游客都在静静地观赏，而只有两个人在摆弄着手中的照相机拍风景，（点大）看左边这位，应该是一架“海鸥120”照相机，拍摄起来要从上面取景，一个黑白胶卷能拍摄十几张照片。

　　　　这种120型相机，现在已经不多见了，但在上世纪80年代，是个稀罕物。至少要花掉两个月的工资，而且还不容易买到。如果谁家拥有这么一台照相机，那感觉决不亚于现在拥有一部豪华私家车。

　　　　这是上世纪80年代中期的天安门广场。这样的场景，大家最熟悉不过了。天安门城楼前的照片，是那个年代大家共同的回忆。

　　　　当时，没有多少人自己带着相机去拍照，所以，天安门广场就出现了专门为游客照相的摊档，明码标价。这照片冲洗出来需要一段时间，外地人拍完后，只能先回家等着，大概一个星期后，照片连同底片才寄到顾客的家里。

　　　　再后来，政策宽松了，专门从事照像的个体户出现了，这些个体户机动灵活，像这个摊主，随身带着相框，里面是各种各样的示范照片，谁想拍什么背景、全身半身，都可以按图索骥，选择余地更大了。

　　　　再来看一些过去人们留下的照片。那时，大家重视拍照这事儿，甚至搞的像个仪式。无论孩子还是老人，一定会规规矩矩或站或坐，认真地听从摄影师的摆布，而最常听到的话是：坐好别动，别眨眼，笑一笑……不过，通常这样的指令发出之后，被拍摄者的表情就更严肃了。

　　　　虽然物质条件还不允许，但人们还是想方设法，让自己的黑白照片变得富有色彩。于是，照相馆推出了所谓的“彩色照相”，也就是在黑白照上手工上色。价格要贵上好几倍，而且要一个多月才能拿到。据说，那时有手巧的年轻人，就自己动手绘制彩色照片，先要给照片上涂抹一层牙膏，然后细细地上色，挺出彩的。

　　　　Time entered the mid-1980s, and more and more new things entered China with the reform and opening-up. The appearance of color film changed the photos from black and white to colorful. The stars in all kinds of picture books have become role models for women who love beauty. The white and flawless skin of the stars makes women envy them. Later, I learned that it can be achieved through darkroom processing. For a time, "hazy photos" became popular, and it was necessary to "be as beautiful as a star".

　　　　At that time, photographers took a lot of thoughts to get the effect of "hazy photos", such as coating a thin layer of vaseline in front of the camera, or covering it with a layer of stockings, and matching with appropriate lighting. Needless to say, the effect is really good.

　　　　This was sent to us by an audience friend. It was a family photo of their family in 1983. As you can see, the photo studio at that time also changed a lot. The studio was no longer a monotonous gray background, and the background decoration had a home atmosphere. At that time, the home phone was still very fresh, and photographers who understood people’s minds put the phone there as props.

　　　　This is Beihai Park in Beijing in 1980. At that time, the technology of rapid roll-up attracted young men and women with wet film in their hands everywhere in the park. People were carrying film and looking at wet film, and the scene of rushing to print was like a landscape.

　　　　At that time, there were domestic Le Kai color films, the price of which was half cheaper than that of imported Kodak and Fuji, and there were many color photos in the streets. The business was very hot. If you were quick, you could get your own photos in one day.

　　　　However, this situation lasted for a few years, and the business of street photo booths gradually became deserted. Because people are becoming familiar with a kind of camera called "Fool", even those who have never studied photography just need to press the shutter. The key is that the "fool" is cheap and good, and books on how to use the fool camera are also very popular. From this time on, the camera has become one of the necessary tools for daily entertainment and leisure in many ordinary families.

　　　　This is the first digital camera successfully developed by China in 1998 ―― "Seagull DC-33". At the end of 1990s, the concept of digital appeared, and digital cameras became popular rapidly. A small magnetic card could actually replace dozens of films, and the cost of printing shops kept decreasing.

　　　　Nowadays, when people buy cameras, they are concerned about whether there are not tens of millions of pixels, whether the body and lens are anti-shake, whether the brand is famous enough, the camera’s function is becoming more and more powerful, and the body is becoming more and more exquisite. Such a scene, any scenic spot, is more common.

　　　　In many photographic equipment stores, the past "fool" cameras and color films have gradually faded out of the counter, and a few film cameras have become sharp weapons for photography enthusiasts. The past dual-lens cameras have also become the favorite of the collection market. The old gentleman in Hangzhou has collected more than 1100 cameras.

　　　　There are memories between square inches, old photos let us taste the popularity and fashion of the year, and the upgrading of electronic consumer products such as cameras makes people realize the changes of the times and life.

Editor: Wei Yu